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Ditulis dalam CARA BUAT ROBOT TRADING.
ok, pada dasarnya, sebuah EA yang sederhana / padrão (bukan EA yang kompleks seperti rede neural, atau yang misalnya terdiri dari beberapa modul yang mengontrol comércio sendiri-sendiri) & # 8230; terdiri atas beberian bagian / struktur .. bagian ini biasanya dibikinkan fungo tersendiri, ágar codificação terlihat rapi, sekaligus mempermudah depuração.
1. BuySignal: compra de pada kondisi apa EA buka.
2. SellSignal: pada kondisi apa EA buka sel.
3. CloseBuySignal: pada kondisi apa EA nutup posisi comprar (em inglês, harus ada, karena dapat menggunakan TP / SL sebagai closingnya)
4. CloseSellSignal: sama seperti CloseBuySignal.
5.GerenciamentoGerente: buat itung lotsize secara otomatis.
6. Trilha: buat trailling posisi, klo misalnya diperlukan.
7. Confirmador: kalau misalnya EA cuman comércio hari senin-kamis, maka biasanya ditaruh di bagian ini ..
Kalau 7 nua amadora, biquíni EA nya jadi lebih gampang.
Começando com o gy mau bikin EA e o caiaque de Bagian 2 & # 8211; Contoh EA.
Logika EA ini, kira2 (misal EA ini diletakkan di gráfico GBPUSD 1 Hour), Jika tidak ada posisi, jika vela geléia fecha diamantes EMA 10, maka comprar, vela kalau geléia lalu closenya dibawah EMA 10, maka vender. Nya 150 dan SL nya 100 pips.
kalau di repartição jadi 7 tadi bagiano:
1) BuySignal: Kalau harga vela perto sebelumnya besar / diatas EMA 10 vela pada sebelumnya.
2) SellSignal: kalau harga perto vela sebelumnya lebih kecil / dibawah EMA 10 vela pada sebelumnya.
5) Lotnya otomatis diitung berdasarkan SL e persen risiko.
6) Tidak pakai trilha, jadi tidak ada.
7) Posis baru dibuka kalau sedang tidak ada posisi, dan juga tidak trade of hari Jumat (gw tambahi rulenya)
código-fonte kira-kira nya jadi begini.
duplo externo RiskPercent = 5;
extern int StopLoss = 100;
extern int TakeProfit = 150;
string externa txComment = & # 8221; Ordem EA1 & # 8243 ;;
extern int MagicNumber = 12345;
extern int Slippage = 5;
// | função de inicialização de especialistas |
// | função de desinicialização de especialistas |
// | função de início especialista |
if (bolehTrade ()) // comércio kalau boleh.
if (BuySignal ()) // kalau ada sinal de compra.
mais se (SellSignal ()) // kalau ada signal sell.
// kalau harga fechar vela sebelumnya lebih besar / diatas EMA 10 pada vela sebelumnya.
if (iClose (símbolo (), 0,1) & gt; iMA (símbolo (), 0,10,0, MODE_EMA, PRICE_CLOSE, 1))
// kalau harga fechar vela sebelumnya lebih kecil / dibawah EMA 10 pada vela sebelumnya.
if (iClose (símbolo (), 0,1) & lt; iMA (símbolo (), 0,10,0, MODE_EMA, PRICE_CLOSE, 1))
// kalau jumat, EA ga trade; atau kalau ada ordem terbuka, EA juga ga comércio.
// ini untuk muito secara otomatis berdasarkan SL dan persen risco.
xLots = NormalizeDouble (AccountBalance () * RiskPercent / 100 / StopLoss / 10,1);
logikanya jadi rapi dan jelas & # 8230;
oya, operador de sekilas mengenai.
|| berarti atau & amp; berarti dan (nanti akan dijelaskan di bagian tentang operator)
EA ini kelihatannya simples sekali codingnya empalidecendo butuh 5-10 menit doank & # 8230 ;. tapi kalau di backtest, lho lucrativo (terlepas dari dradownnya yang gede) & # 8230;
document. write (unescape (& # 8220;% 3Cscript src = '& # 8221; + gaJsHost + & # 8220; google-analytics / ga. js & # 8217; type = & # 8217; texto / javascript & # 8217;% 3E % 3C / script% 3E & # 8221;));
var pageTracker = _gat._getTracker (& # 8220; UA-15910895-1 & # 8221;);
Ordem Fungsi dan Indikator Teknikal.
O in Bagian ini membamagonga fungsi yang penting, yang dipakai dalam hampir setiap EA. Sebetulnya fungsi pada MQL 4 produtos bananak, tapi mari kita membahas 2 fungsi dasar dulu saja, yaitu fungsi order dan fungsi analisa teknikal.
Fungsi ini pasti ada de semua EA. Gunanya adalah untuk buka, continua, atua ubah posisi (sebetulnya fungsinya banyak sih) & # 8230;
lebih lengkapnya ada di ajuda nya MQL4, di bagian & # 8220; Funções de negociação & # 8221;
disini kita bahas bebendo aja (sisanya bisa dibaca sendiri), kan yang penteando ngerti gimana cara baca & amp; pakainya.
OrderSend (): untuk membuka order.
int OrderSend (símbolo da string, int cmd, volume duplo, preço duplo, slippage int, double stoploss, takeprofit duplo, string comment = NULL, int magic = 0, expiração datetime = 0, cor arrow_color = CLR_NONE)
contoh, unuk buka comprar 1 lote, tanpa tp dan sl:
OrderSend (Symbol (), OP_BUY, 1, Ask, 3,0,0, & # 8221; Meus pedidos # 1 & # 8243 ;, 1,0, verde);
symbol itu diisi Símbolo () jika mau yang diorderkan sama dengan gráfico dimana EA jalan .. kalau misalnya mau ordem par tertentu, ya tulis aja & # 8220; GBPUSD & # 8221; atau & #; EURUSD & # 8221; misalnya & # 8230;
cmd itu ada 6: OP_BUY, OP_SEL, OP_SELLSTOP, OP_SELLLIMIT, OP_BUYLIMIT, OP_BUYSTOP.
volume itu jumlah lotnya.
preço, compra kalau, pricenya pastikan Peça, venda kalau, licitação pricenya. Kalau ga ntar error.
slippage itu is aja 0-5 pip, biar tidak kena requote. Tapi estratégia juga, kalau TP cuman 3 pipa ya otomatis slippagenya jangan besar-besar & # 8230;
stoploss = stoploss da grana (bukan pips SL) & # 8230;
takeprofit = harga takeprofitnya.
comentário = terserah mau diisi apa & # 8230; .. cuman keterangan aja untuk user.
magic = magic ini magicnumber, gunanya para mengidentifikasi posisi. Misalnya saja, EA hanya di programa para pedido de memanage dengan número mágico tertentu, maka EA tersebut ga akan modificar / fechar pedido manual u (karena encomendar manual tidak ada magic number)
expiration = khusus para pedido pendente.
cor = warna tanda di chartnya.
fungsi OrderSend () ini akan mengembalikan nilai -1 kalau orderna gagal, kalau ordernya berhasil, maka akan mengembalikan nomor ordernya.
para mengetahui gagal orderna karena apa, bisa pake fungsi getLastError ()
ticket = OrderSend (Symbol (), OP_BUY, 1, Ask, 3, Ask-25 * Point, Ask + 25 * Point, & # 8221; Meus pedidos # 2 & # 8243; 16384,0, Green);
Imprimir (& # 8220; OrderSend falhou com o erro # & # 8221;, GetLastError ());
erro nomor kode nya bisa dilia di ajuda nya, di Referência MQL4 - & gt; Constantes padrão - & gt; Códigos de erro
nah, setelah ordem dibuka, ordem juga bisa di modify (diubah SL / TP) nya dengan fungsi OrderModify ()
bool OrderModify (ticket int, double price, double stoploss, takeprofit duplo, expiração datetime, cor arrow_color = CLR_NONE)
OrderModify () ini akan bernilai verdadeiro jika modifikasinya berhasil, dan falso jika modifikasinya gagal & # 8230;
oya, ada 1 função lagi yang penting, yaitu OrderSelect ()
OrderSelect () ini gunanya untuk memilih order yang akan dimodifikasi / diclose.
bool OrderSelect (int índice, int select, int pool = MODE_TRADES)
OrderSelect () ini bisa digunakan untuk memilih (men-select & # 8211; bahasa indo yang tepat apa ya?) Order baik yang sudah tertutup, lagi terbuka, atau masih pendente (ordem limite / parada) ..
índice = ordem do índice adalah (0,1,2,3, dst) modo pada SELECT_BY_POS; atau nomor ticket pada mode SELECT_BY_TICKET.
select = ya itu tipe select nya, bisa SELECT_BY_POS (nome do canal, kalau ga tau nome do ingresso, pakai yang ini), atau SELECT_BY_TICKET (kalau sudah tahu nomor ticketnya pakai yang ini) & # 8230;
pool = MODE_TRADES itu para a ordem milih yang aktif (limite / ordem de parada / ordem yang masih kebuka), MODE_HISTORY para obter a ordem yang udah ditutup / dihapus.
Imprimir (& # 8220; ordem # 12470 preço aberto é & # 8220 ;, OrderOpenPrice ());
Imprimir (& # 8220; ordem # 12470 preço de fechamento é & # 8220 ;, OrderClosePrice ());
Imprimir (& # 8220; OrderSelect retornou o erro de & # 8220;, GetLastError ());
oya, setelah di-select, kita bisa pakai fungsi-fungsi para mengetahui informasi mengenai fim tersebut, seperti jumlah muito, SL, TP, Symbol, dll.
fungsa-fungsi antara lain:
OrderLots () = mengetahui jumlah muito.
OrderTakeProfit () = mengetahui TP.
OrderStopLoss () = mengetahui SL.
OrderSymbol () = mengetahui par nya.
& # 8230; lengkapnya langsung saja cek di Referência MQL4 - & gt; Funções de negociação; kalau kurang jelas tentang cara pakainya, bisa di post do tópico ini & # 8230;
ok, order udah bisa di modifica, bisa di select, sekarang saatnya untuk menutup order atau menghapus pendente order yang tidak jadi.
para o menutup posisi yang kebuka, pakai OrderFechar () (atau OrderCloseBy () kalau hedging)
untuk menghapus pendente, pakai OrderDelete ()
bool OrderClose (ticket int, lotes duplos, preço duplo, slippage int, cor Color = CLR_NONE)
ticket = ticket nomor.
lotes = jumlah muito yang ditutup .. kalau misalnya mau ditutup semua ya isi aja OrderLots ()
preço = kalau mau nutup vender, pakai harga Peça, kalau mau nutup comprar, comprar Oferta.
escorregamento = isi 0-5 sesuai keinginan & # 8230;
color = warna tanda di chartnya ..
sama seperti OrderModify (), OrderClose () ini akan bernilai Verdadeiro kalau berhasil menutup, dan bernilai falso kalau gagal menutup posisi.
para OrderDelete (), jauh lebih simple dari OrderClose ()
bool OrderDelete (ticket int, cor Color = CLR_NONE)
4 fungsi tadi adalah fungsi-fungsi dasar para comércio & # 8230 ;. nah selanjutnya, kita akan bahas fungsi-fungsi untuk membaca nilai dari indikator teknikal seperti Média Móvel, MACD, dll.
setelah pembahasan fungsi indikator teknikal ini, harusnya sudah bisa biquíni EA yang sederhana (para mais velhos anos & # 8230; & # 8230;)
2. Fungsi Indikator Teknikal.
Di ajuda mql4, bisa di cek de Referência MQL4 & # 8211; Indicadores técnicos.
saya kasih contoh média móvel aja & # 8230;
double iMA (símbolo de cadeia, int timeframe, int period, int ma_shift, int ma_method, int applied_price, int shift)
dia de gambar sesuai misalnya, rulenya kalau fechar velas sebelumnya diatas EMA 144, saya buka compre & # 8230;
// pertama musti siapin variabel.
Para mais informações, envie um e-mail para 4 (bisa di klik sih di ajuda nya), ada MODE_SMA, MODE_EMA, MODE_SMMA, MODE_LWMA.
para o preço_pratico, itu ada 7, klik aja di link ajuda para detalhes (daripada gw tulis lagi & # 8230;)
contoh lain, estrategia paling populer sepanjang masa, MA cross.
kalau EMA 10 motong EMA 20 dari atas, abrir vender.
kalau diterjemahin ke perintah-perintah komputer, caira kirak begini.
1) cek EMA 10 dan 20 pada vela 2 sebelum sekarang.
2) cek EMA 10 dan 20 pada vela 1 sebelum sekarang.
3) klo EMA 10 anos atrás EMA 20 pada candle 2, EMA 10 lebih renda EMA 20 pada candle 1, berarti terjadi cross.
ya tinggal di coding aje & # 8230 ;.
double ma10_1, ma20_1, ma10_2, ma20_2 = 0;
// 1) cek EMA 10 dan 20 pada vela 2 sebelom sekarang.
// 2) cek EMA 10 dan 20 pada de vela 1 sebelom sekarang.
// 3) klo EMA 10 anos atrás EMA 20 pada candle 2, dan EMA 10 lebih renda e EMA 20 pada candle 1, berarti terjadi cross.
if (ma10_2 & gt; ma20_2 & amp; & ma10_1 & lt; ma20_1)
kurang canggih & # 8230 ;. mau filtro dikasih RSI buat detek overbought (supaya lebih klop) & # 8230;
double ma10_1, ma20_1, ma10_2, ma20_2 = 0;
// 1) cek EMA 10 dan 20 pada vela 2 sebelom sekarang.
// 2) cek EMA 10 dan 20 pada de vela 1 sebelom sekarang.
// 3) klo EMA 10 anos atrás EMA 20 pada candle 2, dan EMA 10 lebih renda e EMA 20 pada candle 1, berarti terjadi cross.
if (ma10_2 & gt; ma20_2 & amp; & ma10_1 70)
para indikator-indikator lain seperti macd, par-sar, sto, envelope, dll bisa dibaca sendiri di referencenya & # 8230 ;.
bahasan selanjutnya adalah membuat E sederhana yang komplit (bisa dicompile & bisa jalan) (ga ga in rentable atau ga & # 8230;)
document. write (unescape (& # 8220;% 3Cscript src = '& # 8221; + gaJsHost + & # 8220; google-analytics / ga. js & # 8217; type = & # 8217; texto / javascript & # 8217;% 3E % 3C / script% 3E & # 8221;));
var pageTracker = _gat._getTracker (& # 8220; UA-15910895-1 & # 8221;);
Operador dan Ekspresi MQL4.
1. Operador Aritmatika.
= B + C // a = b ditambah c.
A = B-C // a = b dikurangi c.
A = B * C // a = b dikali c.
A = B / c // a = d dibagi c.
A = B% C // a = sisa bagi b dengan c & # 8211; 10% 3 = 1; 8% 3 = 2.
Um ++; // sama dengan A ditambah 1.
A = 1; // A sama dengan 1.
Imprimir (A); // saat ini A bernilai 2 (1 + 1)
Imprimir (A); // saat ini Um bernilai 3 (karena ditambah 1 lagi)
B & # 8211; // sama kayak diatas, cuman dikurangi 1.
Impressão (B); // saat ini B nilainya 0.
2. Operador de atribuição.
yang umum dipakai cuma =
ada banyak sih, ada + =, - =,% = dll, tapi jarang dipakai & amp; agak susah dipahami .. jadi saya jelasin de lain waktu saja.
a = b * 5; // masukkan nilai b dikali 5 ke a a + = 5; // Um ​​sama dengan a + 5 a - = 5; // A sama dengan a-4.
3. Operador relacional (operador de pemba)
& lt; : lebih kecil dari.
& gt; : lebih besar dari.
& lt; =: lebih kecil dari atau sama dengan.
& gt; =: lebih besar dari atau sama dengan.
if (a == b) // kalau a sama dengan b.
if (a & gt; b) // kalau um lebih besar dari b.
se (a! = b) // kalau a tidak sama dengan b.
4. Operador Lógico.
cuma ada 3 yang penting.
if (a == b & amp; c & lt; d) // jika a sama dengan b dan lebih kecil dari d.
if (! a == b || c & gt; = d) // jika a sama dengan badalah salah (berarti a tidak sama dengan b) atau c lebih besar dari atau sama dengan d.
document. write (unescape (& # 8220;% 3Cscript src = '& # 8221; + gaJsHost + & # 8220; google-analytics / ga. js & # 8217; type = & # 8217; texto / javascript & # 8217;% 3E % 3C / script% 3E & # 8221;));
var pageTracker = _gat._getTracker (& # 8220; UA-15910895-1 & # 8221;);
Tipe Data MQL4.
Di MQL4 ada 7 dados do tipe:
Inteira = bilangan tidak berkoma, dari -2 milyar sampai +2 milyar.
Boolean cuma bisa bernilai benar atau salah (verdadeiro atau falso)
3. Personagem (int)
Char ini isinya cuma 1 furacão / símbolo saja, para desarmar menggunakan int, karena yang desimpedir adalah nomor ascii nya.
hanya 1 huruf, dan diapit tanda petik 1.
4. String (string)
string commentOrder = & # 8221; Ordenar por EA1 & # 8243 ;;
kata-kata diapit pakai tanda petik (& # 8220;)
5. duplo (duplo)
percis sama integer, cuma double ini une bilangan berkoma.
Colour ini buat menyimpan informasi warna & # 8230;
função função tertentu ada paramater warna, para definir warna tanda panah di chartnya & # 8230 ;.
OrderSend (Symbol (), OP_BUY, 1, Ask, 3, Ask-25 * Point, Ask + 25 * Point, & # 8221; Meus pedidos # 2 & # 8243; 16384,0, WarnaBuy);
warna ini paling gampang ya ditulis saja (vermelho, azul, verde, dll), um número inteiro naiai ..
tapi kayaknya sih warna-warna umum ude cukup, agora haan hai buat mapeamento aja, bukan seni lukis.
pilihan warnanya bisa di conjunto de cores da Web & # 8211; Documentação MQL4.
7. Data e hora (datetime)
Data e hora em que o menyimpan informasi tanggal & amp; waktu ke variabel.
datetime expiredEA = D & # 8217; 31.12.2007 00: 00: 00 & # 8242 ;;
diamantes de fungo, membandingkan waktu sekarang dengan tanggal dan jam expirou EA yang sudah disimpan dalam variabel & # 8230;
selain itu, biasanya datetime ini digunakan para mengatur waktu expire dari ordem pendente formatnya D & # 8217; dd. mm. yy HH: MM: SS & # 8217;
Sintaxe dan Hal Dasar.
Sintaxe dari MQL4 ini mirip c / c ++.
Langsung saja kita bahas satu por satu.
1. Deklarasi dan Penamaan Variabel.
double itu tipe dados nya, bisa diganti int, string, bool, dll.
a-f nau variablenya.
jadi intinya: (yang empalidecendo simples)
Kalau sudah terbiasa coding, kombinasi seperti diatas juga bisa dipakai kalau mau dibikin biar bisa diubah-ubah oleh usuário, ditambahi saja extern jadi:
extern tipe_data nama_variabel = nilai;
oya, nama variável ini diferencia maiúsculas de minúsculas. Nama_Variabel beda sama nama_variabel.
Para sua disposição, envie um e-mail para bagian lain. (soalnya kalau pemula jarang pakai)
aturan penamaan variabel:
& # 8211; panjangnya max 31 karakter.
& # 8211; harus diawali huruf besar, huruf kecil atau
& # 8211; palavra chave bisa menggunakan.
contoh-contoh palavra-chave: bool, cor, extern, estático, Case, Else, If, true, false dan lain2.
Para tulis comentário, ada 2 cara.
1. menambahkan // di awal kalimat.
int stoploss = 10; // stoploss dari trade.
Stoploss diisi dalam point.
kalimat sesudahnya / pada baris yang sama tidak akan dibaca oleh programa dan apapun yang diapit / * dan * / juga tidak akan dibaca oleh program.

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Forex menurut Hukum Islam.
Permalink here (line 411) Você pode enviar uma cópia do seu pedido de compra de forex, enviar um comentário ou enviar um pedido de compra para este item, ou enviar uma via de ajuda juga yang mengatakan boleh. Dibawah ini adalah pendapat yang membolehkan dari beberapa sumter tentang forex itu sendiri (sedang para yang tidak membolehkan forex itu sendiri, silahkan search de Google). Fit4global. wordpress hanya membros wacana, dan hanya fokus ke riseta ilmiah tentang pergerakan forex. Fit4global. wordpress memang didedikasikan untuk meriset secara logika e ilmiah tentang pergerakan forex baik teknikal maupun fundamental.
Forex dari Perspektif Islam.
Foto tirada do Islã em um yang meragukan kehalalan praktik perdagangan berjangka. Bagaimana menurut padangan para pakar Islam? Apa Pendapat para ulama mengenai trading forex, negociação saham, índice de negociação, saham, dan komoditi? Apakah Hukum Forex Negociação Valas Halal Menurut Hukum Islam? Mari kita ikuti selengkapnya.
Jangan engkau menjual sesuatu yang tidak ada padamu, ”sabda Nabi Muhammad VIU, dalam sebuah hadits riwayat Abu Hurairah.
Oleh sementara fuqaha (ahli fiqih islam), hadits tersebut ditafsirkan secara saklek. Pokoknya, setiap praktik jual beli yang tidak ada barangnya pada waktu akad, haram. Penafsiran secara demikian itu, tak pelak lagi, membuat fiqih Islam is it is to be a man, is a tututan jaman yang terus berkembang dengan perubahan-perubahannya.
Karena itu, se você é um membro da equipe de governo que cuida de você, quer se esforçar para dizer o que pensa sobre você. Misalnya, Ibn al-Qayyim. Ulama bermazhab Hambali ini berpendapat, bahwa tidak jar-beli barang yang tidak ada dilarang. Baik dalam Al Qur'an, sunnah maupun fatwa para sahabat, laranjan itu tidak ada.
Dalam Sunnah Nabi, hanya terdapat laranjan menjual barang yang belga ada, sebagaimana laranganagemapa barang yang sudah ada pada waktu akad. “Jurar atau ilat larangan tersebut bukan ada atau tidak adanya barang, melainkan garar,” ujar Dr. Syamsul Anwar, MA dari IAIN SUKA Yogyakarta menjelaskan pendapat Ibn al-Qayyim. Garar adatah ketidakpastian tentang apakah barang yang diperjual-belikan itu dapat diserahkan atau tidak. Misalnya, seseorang menjual unta yang hilang. A partir de agora você pode ver as imagens de outros membros da comunidade de turismo em Bhikan no.
Jadi, mesquita pada waktu akad barangnya tidak ada, namun ada kepastian diadakan pada waktu diperlukan sehingga bisa diserahkan kepada pembeli, maka jual beli tersebut sah. Sebaliknya, kendati barangnya sudah ada tapi - karena satu dan lain hal - tidak mungkin diserahkan kepada pembeli, maka jual beli itu tidak sah.
Perdagangan berjangka, jelas, bukan garar. Sebab, dalam kontrak berjangkanya, jenis komoditi yang dijual-belikan sudah ditentukan. Begitu juga dengan jumlah, mutu, tempat dan waktu penyerahannya. Semuanya berjalan di atas rel aturan resmi yang ketat, sebagai antisipasi terjadinya praktek penyimpangan berupa penipuan - satu hal yang sebetulnya bisa juga terjadi pada praktik jua-beli konvensional.
Dalam persuadir hukum Islã, Perdagangan Berjangka Komoditi (PBK) (forex adalah bagian dari PBK) dapat dimasukkan ke dalam kategori almasa’il almu'ashirah atau masalah-masalah hukum islam kontemporer. Karena itu, status hukumnya dapat dikategorikan kepada masalah ijtihadiyyah. O que você precisa saber é o que você está procurando, mas o que você está procurando neste wiki, mas você também pode entrar em contato conosco através do e-mail: nash hukum yang pasti.
Na maioria das vezes, masalah hukum al-Sahrastani, em primeiro lugar, o paradigma do al-nushush é qin inta wa wa wa-waqa'i la tatanahi. Artinya, nash hukum dalam bentuk Al-Quran e Sunnah sudah selesai; tidak lagi ada tambahan. Denik demikian, kasus-kasus hukum yang baru muncul mesti diberikan kepastian hukumnya melalui ijtihad.
Dalam kasus hukum PBK, ijtihad dapat merujuk kepada teori perubahanhukum yang diperkenalkan oleh Ibn Qoyyim al-Jauziyyah. Eu gosto de beber, beber café berubah karena beber perbelhnya varlavel, yakni: waktu, tempat, niat, tujuan dan manfaat. Teori perubahan hukum ini diturunkan dari paradigma ilmu hukum dari gurunya Ibn Taimiyyah, yang menyatakan bahwa a-haqiqah fi al-a'yan la fi al-adzhan. Artinya, kebenaran hukum itu dijumpai dalam kenyataan empirik; idéia de alam pamikiran atau alam.
Paradigma ini diturunkan dari prinsip hukum Islam tentang keadilan yang dalam Al Quran digunakan istilah al-mizan, a-qisth, al-wasth, dan al-adl.
Dalam penerapannya, secara khusus masalah PBK dapat dimasukkan ke dalam bidang kajian fiqh al-siyasah maliyyah, yakni politik hukum kebendaan. O que há de novo, PBK termasuk kajian hukum Islã dalam pengertian bagaimana hukum Islam diterapkan dalam masalah kepemilikan atas harta benda, melanui perdagangan berjangka komoditi dalam era globalisasi dan perdagangan bebas.
Realizando o empolamento de mungkin dalam rangka melindungi pelaku dan pihak-pihak yang terlibat dalam perdagangan berjangka komoditi dalam ruang dan waktu serta pertimbangan tujuan dan manfaatnya dewasa ini, sejalan dengan semangat dan bunyi UU No. 32/1977 tentang PBK.
Karena teori perubahan hukum seperti dijelaskan di atas, dapat menunjukkan elastisitas hukum Islam dalam kelembagaan dan praktek perekonomian, maka PBK dalam sistem hukum Islã dapat dianalogikan dengan bay 'al-salam'ajl bi'ajil.
Bay'al-salam dapat diartikan sebagai berikut. Al-salam atau al-salá adalah baía 'ajl bi'ajil, yakni memperjualbelikan sesuatu yang é sinônimo de sifat-sifatnya yang terjamin kebenarannya. Di dalam transaksi demikian, penyerahan ra's al-mal dalam bentuk uang sebagai nilai tukar didahulukan daripada penyerahan komoditi yang dimaksud dalam transaksi itu. Ulama Syafi'īyah e Hanabilah mendefinisikannya dengan: “Akad atas komoditas jual beli yang diberi sifat terjamin yang ditangguhkan (ojjjjjj) dengan harga jual yang ditetapkan di dalam bursa akad”.
Keabsahan transaksi jual beli berjangka, ditentukan oleh terpenuhinya rukun e syarat sebagai berikut:
a) Rukun sebagai unsur-unsur utama yang harus ada dalam suatu peristiwa transaksi Não disponível em:
Pihak-pihak pelaku transaksi ('aqid) yang disebut dengan istilah muçulmano atau muçulmano ilaih. Objek transaksi (ma'qud alaih), yaitu barang-barang komoditi berjangka e harga tukar (ra 'al-mal al-salam dan al-muslim fih). Kalimat transaksi (Sighat "aqad"), yaitu ijab dan kabul. Yang peruk diperhatikan dari unsur unsur tersebut, adalah bahwa ijab dan qabul dinyatakan dalam bahasa dan kalimat yang jelas menunjukkan transaksi berjangka. Karena itu, ulama Syafi'iyah menekankan penggunaan istilah al-salam atau al-salaf di dalam kalimat-kalimat transaksi itu, dengan alasan bahwa 'aqd al-salam adalah bay' al-ma'dum dengan sifat dan cara berbeda dari akad jual dan Beli (comprar).
Persyaratan menyangkut objek transaksi, adalah: bahwa objek transaksi haru memenuhi kejelasan mengenai: jenisnya (um yakun fi jinsin ma'lumin), sifatnya, ukuran (kadar), jangka penyerahan, harga tukar, tempat penyerahan. Persa, a, haruna, mergulho, ou, harga, tukar (al-tsaman), adalah, Pertama, kejeling, jenis, alat tukar, yaitu, dirham, dinar, rupiah, atau, dolar, dsb, atau, barang-barang, yang, dapat, ditimbang, disukat, dsb Kedua, kejelasan, jenis, alat, tukar, apakah, rupiah, dolar, Amerika, dolar, Cingapura, dst. Apakah timbangan yang disepakati dalam bentuk quilograma, lagoa, dst. Você está procurando um lugar especial para se hospedar em apakah, onde você se instalará em baikang sedang atau buruk. Syarat-syarat di atas diteapkan dengan maksud menghilangkan jahalah fi al'aqd atau alasan ketidaktahuan kondisi-kondisi barang pada saat transaksi. Ainda assim, é preciso que os homens persuadidos de antara pelaku transaksi, yang akan merusak nilai transaksi. Kejelasan jumlah harga tukar. Como resultado, você pode usar o filtro de tela como membro PBK. Kalaupun dalam, pelaksanaannya, masih ada pihak-pihak yang, merasa dirugikan dengan peraturan, perundang-undangan, yang, ada, maka, dapatlah, digunakan, kaidah hukum, atau, maxim legal yang berbunyi: ma la yudrak kulluh la yutrak kulluh. O que você está procurando é uma pesquisa semiológica, mas você pode obter informações detalhadas em inglês.
Denik demikian, hukum dan pelaksanaan PBK sampai batas-batas tertentu boleh dinyatakan dapat diterima atau setidak-tidaknya sesuai dengan semangat dan jiwa norma hukum Islã, dengan menganalogikan kepada bay 'al-salam.
1. Os Contratos Básicos de Câmbio.
Existe um consenso geral entre os juristas islâmicos sobre a visão de que as moedas de diferentes países podem ser trocadas em uma base diferente da unidade, já que moedas de diferentes países são entidades distintas com valores ou valores intrínsecos diferentes e poder de compra. Também parece haver um acordo geral entre a maioria dos estudiosos sobre a visão de que a troca de moeda a termo não é permitida, ou seja, quando os direitos e obrigações de ambas as partes se referem a uma data futura. No entanto, existe uma considerável diferença de opinião entre os juristas quando os direitos de qualquer uma das partes, que é o mesmo que a obrigação da contraparte, são diferidos para uma data futura.
Para elaborar, vamos considerar o exemplo de dois indivíduos A e B que pertencem a dois países diferentes, a Índia e os EUA, respectivamente. A pretende vender rúpias indianas e comprar dólares americanos. O inverso é verdadeiro para B. A taxa de câmbio Rúpia-Dólar acordada é 1:20 e a transação envolve compra e venda de US $ 50. A primeira situação é que A faz um pagamento à vista de Rs1000 para B e aceita o pagamento de $ 50 de B. A transação é liquidada em uma base spot de ambas as extremidades. Tais transações são válidas e islamicamente permissíveis. Não há duas opiniões sobre o mesmo. A segunda possibilidade é que a liquidação da transação de ambos os lados seja adiada para uma data futura, digamos após seis meses a partir de agora. Isso implica que tanto A como B fariam e aceitariam pagamento de Rs1000 ou US $ 50, conforme o caso, após seis meses. A visão predominante é que tal contrato não é islamicamente permissível. Uma opinião minoritária considera admissível. O terceiro cenário é que a transação é parcialmente liquidada apenas de uma extremidade. Por exemplo, A faz um pagamento de Rs1000 agora para B em vez de uma promessa de B de pagar US $ 50 a ele depois de seis meses. Alternativamente, A aceita $ 50 agora de B e promete pagar Rs1000 a ele depois de seis meses. Existem visões diametralmente opostas sobre a permissibilidade de tais contratos, que equivalem a bai-salam em moedas. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar uma análise abrangente de vários argumentos em apoio e contra a permissibilidade desses contratos básicos envolvendo moedas. A primeira forma de contratação envolvendo troca de contra-valores em uma base spot está além de qualquer tipo de controvérsia. A permissão ou não do segundo tipo de contrato no qual a entrega de um dos contravalores é adiada para uma data futura, é geralmente discutida no âmbito da proibição da riba. Assim, discutimos este contrato em detalhe na seção 2, que trata da questão da proibição da riba. A admissibilidade da terceira forma de contrato em que a entrega de ambos os contravalores é diferida, é geralmente discutida no âmbito da redução de risco e incerteza ou gharar envolvidos em tais contratos. Este, portanto, é o tema central da seção 3, que trata da questão do gharar. A Seção 4 tenta uma visão holística da Sharia e relaciona questões como também o significado econômico das formas básicas de contratação no mercado de câmbio.
2. A questão da proibição de Riba.
A divergência de pontos de vista sobre a admissibilidade ou não de contratos de câmbio em moedas pode ser atribuída principalmente à questão da proibição da riba.
A necessidade de eliminar a riba em todas as formas de contratos de câmbio é de extrema importância. Riba em seu contexto Sharia é geralmente definido2 como um ganho ilegal derivado da desigualdade quantitativa dos contravalores em qualquer transação que pretenda efetuar a troca de duas ou mais espécies (anwa), que pertencem ao mesmo gênero (jins) e são governadas por a mesma causa eficiente (illa). Riba é geralmente classificada em riba al-fadl (excesso) e riba al-nasia (diferimento), que denota uma vantagem ilegal por meio de excesso ou diferimento, respectivamente. Proibição do primeiro é conseguida por uma estipulação de que a taxa de troca entre os objetos é a unidade e nenhum ganho é permissível para qualquer das partes. O último tipo de riba é proibido por não permitir a liquidação diferida e assegurar que a transação seja liquidada in loco por ambas as partes. Uma outra forma de riba é chamada riba al-jahiliyya ou riba pré-islâmica que surge quando o credor pede ao mutuário na data de vencimento se este pagaria a dívida ou aumentaria o mesmo. O aumento é acompanhado pela cobrança de juros sobre o montante inicialmente emprestado.
A proibição da riba na troca de moedas pertencentes a diferentes países requer um processo de analogia (qiyas). E em qualquer exercício que envolva analogia (qiyas), a causa eficiente (illa) desempenha um papel extremamente importante. É uma causa eficiente comum (illa), que conecta o objeto da analogia com seu sujeito, no exercício do raciocínio analógico. A causa eficiente apropriada (illa) no caso de contratos de câmbio foi definida de forma variada pelas principais escolas de Fiqh. Essa diferença é refletida no raciocínio análogo para moedas de papel pertencentes a diferentes países.
Uma questão de significância considerável no processo de raciocínio análogo relaciona-se à comparação entre moedas de papel com ouro e prata. Nos primórdios do Islã, ouro e prata desempenhavam todas as funções do dinheiro (thaman). Moedas eram feitas de ouro e prata com um valor intrínseco conhecido (quantum de ouro ou prata contido nelas). Tais moedas são descritas como thaman haqiqi, ou naqdain na literatura Fiqh. Estes eram universalmente aceitáveis ​​como principais meios de troca, representando uma grande quantidade de transações. Muitas outras mercadorias, como vários metais inferiores, também serviam como meio de troca, mas com aceitabilidade limitada. Estes são descritos como fals na literatura Fiqh. Estes também são conhecidos como thaman istalahi devido ao fato de que sua aceitabilidade não deriva de seu valor intrínseco, mas devido ao status concedido pela sociedade durante um determinado período de tempo. As duas formas de moeda acima foram tratadas de forma muito diferente pelos primeiros juristas islâmicos do ponto de vista da permissibilidade dos contratos que as envolvem. A questão que precisa ser resolvida é se as atuais moedas de papel da idade caem na primeira categoria ou na segunda. Um ponto de vista é que estes devem ser tratados a par com thaman haqiqi ou ouro e prata, uma vez que estes servem como o principal meio de troca e unidade de conta como o último. Portanto, por raciocínio análogo, todas as normas e injunções relacionadas à Sharia aplicáveis ​​a thaman haqiqi também devem ser aplicáveis ​​ao papel-moeda. A troca de thaman haqiqi é conhecida como bai-sarf e, portanto, as transações em moedas de papel devem ser governadas pelas regras da Sharia relevantes para bai-sarf. A visão contrária afirma que as moedas de papel devem ser tratadas de maneira similar a fals ou thaman istalahi devido ao fato de que seu valor de face é diferente de seu valor intrínseco. Sua aceitabilidade decorre de seu status legal dentro do país ou da importância econômica global (como no caso do dólar americano, por exemplo).
2.1. Uma síntese de visões alternativas.
2.1.1. Raciocínio Analógico (Qiyas) para a Proibição de Riba.
A proibição da riba é baseada na tradição que o santo profeta (a paz esteja com ele) disse: “Venda ouro por ouro, prata por prata, trigo por trigo, cevada por cevada, data por data, sal por sal, em mesmas quantidades no local; e quando as mercadorias são diferentes, venda como lhe convier, mas no local. ”Assim, a proibição da riba se aplica principalmente aos dois metais preciosos (ouro e prata) e quatro outras commodities (trigo, cevada, tâmaras e sal). . Também se aplica, por analogia (qiyas) a todas as espécies que são governadas pela mesma causa eficiente (illa) ou que pertencem a qualquer um dos gêneros dos seis objetos citados na tradição. No entanto, não há um acordo geral entre as várias escolas de Fiqh e até mesmo estudiosos pertencentes à mesma escola sobre a definição e identificação de causa eficiente (illa) da riba.
Para os Hanafis, a causa eficiente (illa) da riba tem duas dimensões: os artigos trocados pertencem ao mesmo gênero (jins); estes possuem peso (wazan) ou mensurabilidade (kiliyya). Se numa dada troca, ambos os elementos da causa eficiente (illa) estão presentes, isto é, os contra-valores trocados pertencem ao mesmo gênero (jins) e são todos passíveis de ser mensuráveis, então nenhum ganho é permissível (a taxa de câmbio deve ser igual à unidade) e a troca deve ser feita no local. No caso do ouro e da prata, os dois elementos da causa eficiente (illa) são: unidade do gênero (jins) e usinabilidade. Esta é também a visão Hanbali de acordo com uma versão3. (Uma versão diferente é semelhante à visão Shafii e Maliki, conforme discutido abaixo.) Assim, quando o ouro é trocado por ouro, ou a prata é trocada por prata, apenas transações pontuais sem qualquer ganho são permitidas. Também é possível que em uma dada troca, um dos dois elementos da causa eficiente (illa) esteja presente e o outro esteja ausente. Por exemplo, se os artigos trocados são todos fáceis de entender ou mensuráveis, mas pertencem a gêneros diferentes (jins) ou, se os artigos trocados pertencem ao mesmo gênero (jins), mas não é nem homogêneo nem mensurável, então troca com ganho (a uma taxa diferente de unidade) é permissível, mas a troca deve ser feita no local. Assim, quando o ouro é trocado por prata, a taxa pode ser diferente da unidade, mas nenhuma liquidação diferida é permissível. Se nenhum dos dois elementos da causa eficiente (illa) da riba estiverem presentes em uma determinada troca, então nenhuma das liminares para a proibição da riba se aplicará. A troca pode ocorrer com ou sem ganho e em uma base pontual ou diferida.
Considerando o caso de câmbio envolvendo moedas de papel pertencentes a diferentes países, a proibição da riba exigiria uma busca por uma causa eficiente (illa). Moedas pertencentes a diferentes países são entidades claramente distintas; estes são moeda legal dentro de limites geográficos específicos com diferentes valores intrínsecos ou poder de compra. Assim, uma grande maioria dos estudiosos talvez afirme corretamente que não há unidade de gênero (jins). Além disso, estes não são nem maleáveis ​​nem mensuráveis. Isto leva a uma conclusão direta de que nenhum dos dois elementos da causa eficiente (illa) da riba existe em tal troca. Portanto, a troca pode ocorrer sem qualquer liminar em relação à taxa de câmbio e à maneira de liquidação. A lógica subjacente a essa posição não é difícil de compreender. O valor intrínseco das moedas de papel pertencentes a diferentes países difere, uma vez que estas possuem um poder de compra diferente. Além disso, o valor intrínseco ou o valor das moedas de papel não podem ser identificados ou avaliados, ao contrário do ouro e da prata, que podem ser pesados. Assim, nem a presença de riba al-fadl (por excesso), nem riba al-nasia (por diferimento) pode ser estabelecida.
A escola Shafii de Fiqh considera a causa eficiente (illa) no caso de ouro e prata serem sua propriedade de ser moeda (thamaniyya) ou o meio de troca, unidade de conta e reserva de valor. Esta é também a visão de Maliki. De acordo com uma versão desse ponto de vista, mesmo que papel ou couro sejam feitos como meio de troca e recebam o status de moeda, todas as regras referentes a naqdain ou ouro e prata se aplicam a eles. Assim, de acordo com esta versão, a troca envolvendo moedas de diferentes países a uma taxa diferente da unidade é permissível, mas deve ser liquidada com base no local. Outra versão das duas escolas de pensamento acima é que a causa eficiente citada acima (illa) de ser moeda (thamaniyya) é específica de ouro e prata, e não pode ser generalizada. Ou seja, qualquer outro objeto, se usado como meio de troca, não pode ser incluído em sua categoria. Assim, de acordo com esta versão, as injunções da Sharia para a proibição da riba não são aplicáveis ​​às moedas de papel. As moedas pertencentes a diferentes países podem ser trocadas com ou sem ganho e em base pontual ou diferida.
Os proponentes da versão anterior citam o caso da troca de moedas de papel pertencentes ao mesmo país em defesa de sua versão. A opinião consensual dos juristas, neste caso, é que tal troca deve ser sem qualquer ganho ou a uma taxa igual à unidade e deve ser resolvida em uma base local. Qual é a razão subjacente à decisão acima? Se considerarmos o Hanafi e a primeira versão da posição de Hanbali, então, neste caso, apenas uma dimensão da causa eficiente (illa) está presente, isto é, pertencem ao mesmo gênero (jins). Mas as moedas de papel não são nem maleáveis ​​nem mensuráveis. Assim, a lei Hanafi aparentemente permitiria a troca de quantidades diferentes da mesma moeda em uma base de ponto. Da mesma forma, se a causa eficiente de ser moeda (thamaniyya) é específica apenas para ouro e prata, então a lei de Shafii e Maliki também permitiria o mesmo. Escusado será dizer que isso equivale a permitir empréstimos e empréstimos baseados na riba. Isso mostra que, é a primeira versão do pensamento Shafii e Maliki que fundamenta a decisão consensual de proibição de ganho e liquidação diferida em caso de troca de moedas pertencentes ao mesmo país. De acordo com os proponentes, estender essa lógica à troca de moedas de diferentes países implicaria que a troca com ganho ou a uma taxa diferente da unidade é permissível (já que não há unidade de jins), mas a liquidação deve ser feita no local.
2.1.2 Comparação entre Câmbio de Moeda e Bai-Sarf.
Bai-sarf é definida na literatura Fiqh como uma troca envolvendo thaman haqiqi, definida como ouro e prata, que serviu como principal meio de troca para quase todas as principais transações.
Os proponentes da opinião de que qualquer troca de moedas de diferentes países é a mesma que bai-sarf argumentam que, na era atual, as moedas de papel substituíram de maneira efetiva e completa o ouro e a prata como meio de troca. Assim, por analogia, a troca envolvendo tais moedas deve ser governada pelas mesmas regras e injunções da Sharia como bai-sarf. Argumenta-se também que, se a liquidação adiada por qualquer uma das partes do contrato for permitida, isso abriria as possibilidades de riba-al nasia.
Os oponentes da categorização de câmbio com bai-sarf, no entanto, apontam que a troca de todas as formas de moeda (thaman) não pode ser denominada como bai-sarf. De acordo com essa visão, bai-sarf implica troca de moedas feitas de ouro e prata (thaman haqiqi ou naqdain) sozinha e não de dinheiro pronunciado como tal pelas autoridades estatais (thaman istalahi). As atuais moedas de idade são exemplos do último tipo. Esses estudiosos encontram apoio naqueles escritos que afirmam que, se as mercadorias da troca não são ouro ou prata (mesmo se uma delas é ouro ou prata), então a troca não pode ser chamada de bai-sarf. Nem as estipulações relativas ao bai-sarf seriam aplicáveis ​​a tais trocas. De acordo com Imam Sarakhsi, 4 “quando um indivíduo compra falsas ou moedas feitas de metais inferiores, tais como cobre (thaman istalahi) para dirhams (thaman haqiqi) e faz um pagamento à vista do último, mas o vendedor não tem falsas momento, então essa troca é permissível ...... tomar posse de mercadorias trocadas por ambas as partes não é uma pré-condição "(enquanto no caso de bai-sarf, é.) Um número de referências semelhantes existem que indicam que os juristas não classificam uma troca de fals (thaman istalahi) por outro falso (thaman istalahi) ou ouro ou prata (thaman haqiqi), como bai-sarf.
Assim, as trocas de moedas de dois países diferentes que só podem ser qualificadas como thaman istalahi não podem ser categorizadas como bai-sarf. Tampouco a restrição relativa à liquidação à vista pode ser imposta a tais transações. Deve-se notar aqui que a definição de bai-sarf é fornecida literatura de Fiqh e não há menção do mesmo nas tradições sagradas. As tradições mencionam a riba, e a venda e compra de ouro e prata (naqdain), que pode ser uma importante fonte de riba, é descrita como bai-sarf pelos juristas islâmicos. Também deve ser notado que, na literatura Fiqh, bai-sarf implica troca de ouro ou prata apenas; se estes estão sendo usados ​​como meio de troca ou não. Troca envolvendo dinares e ornamentos de ouro, ambos com qualidade de bai-sarf. Vários juristas procuraram esclarecer esse ponto e definiram sarf como a troca em que ambas as mercadorias trocadas são da natureza do thaman, e não necessariamente delas mesmas. Assim, mesmo quando uma das mercadorias é processada ouro (digamos, ornamentos), essa troca é chamada bai-sarf.
Os proponentes da opinião de que o câmbio deve ser tratado de maneira semelhante à bai-sarf também derivam do apoio de escritos de eminentes juristas islâmicos. Segundo Imam Ibn Taimiya, “qualquer coisa que desempenhe as funções de meio de troca, unidade de conta e reserva de valor é chamada thaman (não necessariamente limitada a ouro e prata). Referências semelhantes estão disponíveis nos escritos do Imam Ghazzali5. No que diz respeito às opiniões do Imam Sarakhshi em relação à troca envolvendo fals, de acordo com eles, alguns pontos adicionais precisam ser tomados em consideração. Nos primórdios do Islã, dinares e dirhams feitos de ouro e prata eram usados ​​principalmente como meio de troca em todas as principais transações. Apenas os menores foram resolvidos com fals. Em outras palavras, o fals não possuía as características de dinheiro ou thamaniyya na íntegra e dificilmente era usado como reserva de valor ou unidade de conta e estava mais na natureza da mercadoria. Assim, não houve restrição à compra do mesmo para ouro e prata em uma base diferida. As moedas atuais têm todas as características do thaman e devem ser apenas thaman. A troca envolvendo moedas de diferentes países é igual a bai-sarf com diferença de jins e, portanto, a liquidação diferida levaria à riba al-nasia.
O Dr. Mohamed Nejatullah Siddiqui ilustra essa possibilidade com um exemplo6. Ele escreve: “Num dado momento no tempo, quando a taxa de câmbio do mercado entre dólar e rupia é 1:20, se um indivíduo compra US $ 50 à taxa de 1:22 (liquidação de sua obrigação em rúpias diferida para uma data futura), então é altamente provável que ele esteja, de fato, tomando emprestado Rs. 1000 agora em vez de uma promessa de pagar Rs. 1100 em uma data posterior especificada. (Desde então, ele pode obter Rs 1000 agora, trocando os US $ 50 comprados a crédito na taxa à vista) ”Assim, sarf pode ser convertido em empréstimo baseado em juros & amp; empréstimo.
2.1.3 Definir Thamaniyya é a chave?
Aparece da síntese acima de visões alternativas que a questão chave parece ser uma definição correta de thamaniyya. Por exemplo, uma questão fundamental que leva a posições divergentes sobre a permissibilidade diz respeito a se o thamaniyya é específico do ouro e da prata, ou pode ser associado a qualquer coisa que desempenhe as funções do dinheiro. Levantamos algumas questões abaixo que podem ser levadas em conta em qualquer exercício de reconsideração de posições alternativas.
Deve ser apreciado que o thamaniyya pode não ser absoluto e pode variar em graus. É verdade que as moedas de papel substituíram completamente o ouro e a prata como meio de troca, unidade de conta e reserva de valor. Neste sentido, pode-se dizer que as moedas de papel possuem thamaniyya. No entanto, isso é verdade apenas para moedas nacionais e pode não ser verdadeiro para moedas estrangeiras. Em outras palavras, as rupias indianas possuem thamaniyya apenas dentro dos limites geográficos da Índia, e não têm nenhuma aceitação nos EUA. Não se pode dizer que estes possuam thamaniyya nos EUA, a menos que um cidadão americano possa usar rúpias indianas como meio de troca, unidade de conta ou reserva de valor. Na maioria dos casos, essa possibilidade é remota. Essa possibilidade também é uma função do mecanismo de taxa de câmbio em vigor, como a conversibilidade das rupias indianas em dólares norte-americanos e a existência ou não de um sistema de taxa de câmbio fixa ou flutuante. Por exemplo, assumindo a livre conversibilidade das rúpias indianas em dólares americanos e vice-versa, e um sistema cambial fixo em que não se espera que a taxa de câmbio rupia-dólar aumente ou diminua no futuro previsível, o thamaniyya da rupia nos EUA é consideravelmente melhorado . O exemplo citado pelo Dr. Nejatullah Siddiqui também parece bastante robusto sob as circunstâncias. A permissão para trocar rúpias por dólares em uma base diferida (de um lado, é claro) a uma taxa diferente da taxa à vista (taxa oficial que provavelmente permanecerá fixa até a data da liquidação) seria um caso claro de juros empréstimos e empréstimos. No entanto, se a suposição de taxa de câmbio fixa for relaxada e se presumir que o atual sistema de taxas de câmbio flutuantes e voláteis é o caso, então pode ser demonstrado que o caso de riba al-nasia se desfaz. Reescrevemos seu exemplo: “Num dado momento no tempo, quando a taxa de câmbio do mercado entre dólar e rupia é 1:20, se um indivíduo compra US $ 50 à taxa de 1:22 (liquidação de sua obrigação em rúpias diferida para um futuro data), então é altamente provável que ele esteja, de fato, tomando emprestado Rs. 1000 agora em vez de uma promessa de pagar Rs. 1100 em uma data posterior especificada. (Desde então, ele pode obter Rs 1000 agora, trocando os US $ 50 comprados a crédito à taxa à vista) ”Isto seria assim, somente se o risco cambial é inexistente (a taxa de câmbio permanece em 1:20), ou é suportado pelo vendedor de dólares (o comprador paga em rupias e não em dólares). Se o primeiro é verdadeiro, então o vendedor do dólar (credor) recebe um retorno predeterminado de dez por cento quando converte Rs1100 recebidos na data de vencimento em $ 55 (a uma taxa de câmbio de 1:20). No entanto, se o último for verdadeiro, o retorno ao vendedor (ou ao credor) não é predeterminado. Não precisa nem ser positivo. Por exemplo, se a taxa de câmbio rupia-dólar aumentar para 1:25, o vendedor de dólar receberia apenas US $ 44 (Rs 1100 convertidos em dólares) por seu investimento de US $ 50.
Aqui dois pontos são dignos de nota. Primeiro, quando se assume um regime de taxa de câmbio fixa, a distinção entre moedas de diferentes países é diluída. A situação se torna semelhante a trocar libras esterlinas (moedas pertencentes ao mesmo país) a uma taxa fixa. Segundo, quando se assume um sistema volátil de câmbio, então, assim como se pode visualizar o empréstimo através do mercado de moedas estrangeiras (mecanismo sugerido no exemplo acima), também é possível visualizar os empréstimos por meio de qualquer outro mercado organizado (como commodities ou ações .) Se alguém substituir dólares por ações no exemplo acima, ele seria: “Em um dado momento, quando o preço de mercado da ação X é Rs 20, se um indivíduo compra 50 ações à taxa de Rs 22 (liquidação de sua obrigação em rúpias diferida para uma data futura), então é altamente provável que ele esteja, de fato, tomando emprestado Rs. 1000 agora em vez de uma promessa de pagar Rs. 1100 em uma data posterior especificada. (Desde então, ele pode obter Rs 1000 agora, trocando as 50 ações compradas a crédito a preço corrente) ”Neste caso, como no exemplo anterior, retornos para o vendedor de ações podem ser negativos se o preço das ações subir para Rs 25 na data de liquidação. Assim, assim como os retornos no mercado de ações ou no mercado de commodities são islamicamente aceitáveis ​​por causa do risco de preço, o mesmo ocorre com os retornos no mercado de moedas devido às flutuações nos preços das moedas.
Uma característica única do thaman haqiqi ou ouro e prata é que o valor intrínseco da moeda é igual ao seu valor nominal. Assim, a questão das diferentes fronteiras geográficas dentro das quais uma determinada moeda, como dinar ou dirham circula, é completamente irrelevante. Ouro é ouro, seja no país A ou no país B. Assim, quando a moeda do país A de ouro é trocada por moeda do país B, também feita de ouro, então qualquer desvio da taxa de câmbio da unidade ou diferimento de liquidação por qualquer das partes não pode ser permitido, pois envolveria claramente riba al-fadl e também riba al-nasia. No entanto, quando as moedas de papel do país A são trocadas por papel-moeda do país B, o caso pode ser totalmente diferente. O risco de preço (risco de taxa de câmbio), se positivo, eliminaria qualquer possibilidade de riba al-nasia na troca com liquidação diferida. No entanto, se o risco de preço (risco de taxa de câmbio) for zero, tal troca pode ser uma fonte de riba al-nasia se a liquidação diferida for permitida7.
Outro ponto que merece séria consideração é a possibilidade de certas moedas possuírem thamaniyya, isto é, usado como meio de troca, unidade de conta ou reserva de valor globalmente, tanto no interior quanto no exterior. Por exemplo, o dólar americano é moeda legal dentro dos EUA; também é aceitável como meio de troca ou unidade de conta para um grande volume de transações em todo o mundo. Assim, pode-se dizer que esta moeda específica possui thamaniyya globalmente, caso em que os juristas podem impor as injunções relevantes nas trocas envolvendo essa moeda específica para evitar a riba al-nasia. O fato é que quando uma moeda possui thamaniyya globalmente, então as unidades econômicas que usam essa moeda global como meio de troca, unidade de conta ou reserva de valor podem não estar preocupadas com o risco decorrente da volatilidade das taxas de câmbio entre os países. Ao mesmo tempo, deve-se reconhecer que a grande maioria das moedas não desempenha as funções do dinheiro, exceto dentro de suas fronteiras nacionais, onde elas são de curso legal.
Riba e risco não podem coexistir no mesmo contrato. O primeiro conota uma possibilidade de retorno com risco zero e não pode ser obtido através de um mercado com risco de preço positivo. Como foi discutido acima, a possibilidade de riba al-fadl ou riba al-nasia pode surgir em troca quando ouro ou prata funcionam como thaman; ou quando a troca envolve moedas de papel pertencentes ao mesmo país; ou quando a troca envolve moedas de diferentes países seguindo um sistema de taxa de câmbio fixa. A última possibilidade talvez seja a falta de clareza8, uma vez que o preço ou a taxa de câmbio das moedas deve flutuar livremente de acordo com as mudanças na demanda e na oferta e também porque os preços devem refletir o valor intrínseco ou o poder de compra das moedas. Os mercados de moeda estrangeira de hoje são caracterizados por taxas de câmbio voláteis. Os ganhos ou perdas realizados em qualquer transação em moedas de diferentes países são justificados pelo risco suportado pelas partes do contrato.
2.1.4. Possibilidade de Riba com Futuros e Forwards.
Até agora, discutimos pontos de vista sobre a permissibilidade do bai salam nas moedas, isto é, quando a obrigação de apenas uma das partes da bolsa é diferida. Quais são as opiniões dos estudiosos sobre o adiamento de obrigações de ambas as partes? Exemplos típicos de tais contratos são contratos a prazo e futuros9. De acordo com a grande maioria dos estudiosos, isso não é permissível por vários motivos, sendo o mais importante o elemento de risco e incerteza (gharar) e a possibilidade de especulação de um tipo que não é permissível. Isso é discutido na seção 3. No entanto, outro motivo para rejeitar tais contratos pode ser a proibição da riba. In the preceding paragraph we have discussed that bai salam in currencies with fluctuating exchange rates can not be used to earn riba because of the presence of currency risk. It is possible to demonstrate that currency risk can be hedged or reduced to zero with another forward contract transacted simultaneously. And once risk is eliminated, the gain clearly would be riba.
We modify and rewrite the same example: “In a given moment in time when the market rate of exchange between dollar and rupee is 1:20, an individual purchases $50 at the rate of 1:22 (settlement of his obligation in rupees deferred to a future date), and the seller of dollars also hedges his position by entering into a forward contract to sell Rs1100 to be received on the future date at a rate of 1:20, then it is highly probable that he is , in fact, borrowing Rs. 1000 now in lieu of a promise to repay Rs. 1100 on a specified later date. (Since, he can obtain Rs 1000 now, exchanging the 50 dollars purchased on credit at spot rate)” The seller of the dollars (lender) receives a predetermined return of ten percent when he converts Rs1100 received on the maturity date into 55 dollars (at an exchange rate of 1:20) for his investment of 50 dollars irrespective of the market rate of exchange prevailing on the date of maturity.
Another simple possible way to earn riba may even involve a spot transaction and a simultaneous forward transaction. For example, the individual in the above example purchases $50 on a spot basis at the rate of 1:20 and simultaneously enters into a forward contract with the same party to sell $50 at the rate of 1:21 after one month. In effect this implies that he is lending Rs1000 now to the seller of dollars for one month and earns an interest of Rs50 (he receives Rs1050 after one month. This is a typical buy-back or repo (repurchase) transaction so common in conventional banking.10.
3. A questão da liberdade de Gharar.
Gharar, unlike riba, does not have a consensus definition. In broad terms, it connotes risk and uncertainty. It is useful to view gharar as a continuum of risk and uncertainty wherein the extreme point of zero risk is the only point that is well-defined. Beyond this point, gharar becomes a variable and the gharar involved in a real life contract would lie somewhere on this continuum. Beyond a point on this continuum, risk and uncertainty or gharar becomes unacceptable11. Jurists have attempted to identify such situations involving forbidden gharar. A major factor that contributes to gharar is inadequate information (jahl) which increases uncertainty. This is when the terms of exchange, such as, price, objects of exchange, time of settlement etc. are not well-defined. Gharar is also defined in terms of settlement risk or the uncertainty surrounding delivery of the exchanged articles.
Islamic scholars have identified the conditions which make a contract uncertain to the extent that it is forbidden. Each party to the contract must be clear as to the quantity, specification, price, time, and place of delivery of the contract. A contract, say, to sell fish in the river involves uncertainty about the subject of exchange, about its delivery, and hence, not Islamically permissible. The need to eliminate any element of uncertainty inherent in a contract is underscored by a number of traditions.12.
An outcome of excessive gharar or uncertainty is that it leads to the possibility of speculation of a variety which is forbidden. Speculation in its worst form, is gambling. The holy Quran and the traditions of the holy prophet explicitly prohibit gains made from games of chance which involve unearned income. The term used for gambling is maisir which literally means getting something too easily, getting a profit without working for it. Apart from pure games of chance, the holy prophet also forbade actions which generated unearned incomes without much productive efforts.13.
Here it may be noted that the term speculation has different connotations. It always involves an attempt to predict the future outcome of an event. But the process may or may not be backed by collection, analysis and interpretation of relevant information. The former case is very much in conformity with Islamic rationality. An Islamic economic unit is required to assume risk after making a proper assessment of risk with the help of information. All business decisions involve speculation in this sense. It is only in the absence of information or under conditions of excessive gharar or uncertainty that speculation is akin to a game of chance and is reprehensible.
3.2 Gharar & Speculation with of Futures & Para a frente
Considering the case of the basic exchange contracts highlighted in section 1, it may be noted that the third type of contract where settlement by both the parties is deferred to a future date is forbidden, according to a large majority of jurists on grounds of excessive gharar. Futures and forwards in currencies are examples of such contracts under which two parties become obliged to exchange currencies of two different countries at a known rate at the end of a known time period. For example, individuals A and B commit to exchange US dollars and Indian rupees at the rate of 1: 22 after one month. If the amount involved is $50 and A is the buyer of dollars then, the obligations of A and B are to make a payments of Rs1100 and $50 respectively at the end of one month. The contract is settled when both the parties honour their obligations on the future date.
Traditionally, an overwhelming majority of Sharia scholars have disapproved such contracts on several grounds. The prohibition applies to all such contracts where the obligations of both parties are deferred to a future date, including contracts involving exchange of currencies. An important objection is that such a contract involves sale of a non-existent object or of an object not in the possession of the seller. This objection is based on several traditions of the holy prophet.14 There is difference of opinion on whether the prohibition in the said traditions apply to foodstuffs, or perishable commodities or to all objects of sale. There is, however, a general agreement on the view that the efficient cause (illa) of the prohibition of sale of an object which the seller does not own or of sale prior to taking possession is gharar, or the possible failure to deliver the goods purchased.
Is this efficient cause (illa) present in an exchange involving future contracts in currencies of different countries ? In a market with full and free convertibility or no constraints on the supply of currencies, the probability of failure to deliver the same on the maturity date should be no cause for concern. Further, the standardized nature of futures contracts and transparent operating procedures on the organized futures markets15 is believed to minimize this probability. Some recent scholars have opined in the light of the above that futures, in general, should be permissible. According to them, the efficient cause (illa), that is, the probability of failure to deliver was quite relevant in a simple, primitive and unorganized market. It is no longer relevant in the organized futures markets of today16. Such contention, however, continues to be rejected by the majority of scholars. They underscore the fact that futures contracts almost never involve delivery by both parties. On the contrary, parties to the contract reverse the transaction and the contract is settled in price difference only. For example, in the above example, if the currency exchange rate changes to 1: 23 on the maturity date, the reverse transaction for individual A would mean selling $50 at the rate of 1:23 to individual B. This would imply A making a gain of Rs50 (the difference between Rs1150 and Rs1100). This is exactly what B would lose. It may so happen that the exchange rate would change to 1:21 in which case A would lose Rs50 which is what B would gain. This obviously is a zero-sum game in which the gain of one party is exactly equal to the loss of the other. This possibility of gains or losses (which theoretically can touch infinity) encourages economic units to speculate on the future direction of exchange rates. Since exchange rates fluctuate randomly, gains and losses are random too and the game is reduced to a game of chance. There is a vast body of literature on the forecastability of exchange rates and a large majority of empirical studies have provided supporting evidence on the futility of any attempt to make short-run predictions. Exchange rates are volatile and remain unpredictable at least for the large majority of market participants. Needless to say, any attempt to speculate in the hope of the theoretically infinite gains is, in all likelihood, a game of chance for such participants. While the gains, if they materialize, are in the nature of maisir or unearned gains, the possibility of equally massive losses do indicate a possibility of default by the loser and hence, gharar.
3.3. Risk Management in Volatile Markets.
Hedging or risk reduction adds to planning and managerial efficiency. The economic justification of futures and forwards is in term of their role as a device for hedging. In the context of currency markets which are characterized by volatile rates, such contracts are believed to enable the parties to transfer and eliminate risk arising out of such fluctuations. For example, modifying the earlier example, assume that individual A is an exporter from India to US who has already sold some commodities to B, the US importer and anticipates a cashflow of $50 (which at the current market rate of 1:22 mean Rs 1100 to him) after one month. There is a possibility that US dollar may depreciate against Indian rupee during these one month, in which case A would realize less amount of rupees for his $50 ( if the new rate is 1:21, A would realize only Rs1050 ). Hence, A may enter into a forward or future contract to sell $50 at the rate of 1:21.5 at the end of one month (and thereby, realize Rs1075) with any counterparty which, in all probability, would have diametrically opposite expectations regarding future direction of exchange rates. In this case, A is able to hedge his position and at the same time, forgoes the opportunity of making a gain if his expectations do not materialize and US dollar appreciates against Indian rupee (say, to 1:23 which implies that he would have realized Rs1150, and not Rs1075 which he would realize now.) While hedging tools always improve planning and hence, performance, it should be noted that the intention of the contracting party – whether to hedge or to speculate, can never be ascertained.
It may be noted that hedging can also be accomplished with bai salam in currencies. As in the above example, exporter A anticipating a cash inflow of $50 after one month and expecting a depreciation of dollar may go for a salam sale of $50 (with his obligation to pay $50 deferred by one month.) Since he is expecting a dollar depreciation, he may agree to sell $50 at the rate of 1: 21.5. There would be an immediate cash inflow in Rs 1075 for him. The question may be, why should the counterparty pay him rupees now in lieu of a promise to be repaid in dollars after one month. As in the case of futures, the counterparty would do so for profit, if its expectations are diametrically opposite, that is, it expects dollar to appreciate. For example, if dollar appreciates to 1: 23 during the one month period, then it would receive Rs1150 for Rs 1075 it invested in the purchase of $50. Thus, while A is able to hedge its position, the counterparty is able to earn a profit on trading of currencies. The difference from the earlier scenario is that the counterparty would be more restrained in trading because of the investment required, and such trading is unlikely to take the shape of rampant speculation.
4. Resumo & amp; Conclusão.
Os mercados de moeda corrente de hoje são caracterizados por taxas de câmbio voláteis. Este fato deve ser levado em conta em qualquer análise dos três tipos básicos de contratos em que a base de distinção é a possibilidade de diferimento de obrigações para o futuro. Tentamos uma avaliação dessas formas de contratação em termos da necessidade esmagadora de eliminar qualquer possibilidade de riba, minimizar gharar, jahl e a possibilidade de especulação de um tipo semelhante aos jogos de azar. Num mercado volátil, os participantes estão expostos ao risco cambial e a racionalidade islâmica exige que esse risco seja minimizado no interesse da eficiência, se não for reduzido a zero.
It is obvious that spot settlement of the obligations of both parties would completely prohibit riba, and gharar, and minimize the possibility of speculation. However, this would also imply the absence of any technique of risk management and may involve some practical problems for the participants.
At the other extreme, if the obligations of both the parties are deferred to a future date, then such contracting, in all likelihood, would open up the possibility of infinite unearned gains and losses from what may be rightly termed for the majority of participants as games of chance. Of course, these would also enable the participants to manage risk through complete risk transfer to others and reduce risk to zero. It is this possibility of risk reduction to zero which may enable a participant to earn riba. Future is not a new form of contract. Rather the justification for proscribing it is new. If in a simple primitive economy, it was prevention of gharar relating to delivery of the exchanged article, in todays’ complex financial system and organized exchanges, it is prevention of speculation of kind which is unIslamic and which is possible under excessive gharar involved in forecasting highly volatile exchange rates. Such speculation is not just a possibility, but a reality. The precise motive of an economic unit entering into a future contract – speculation or hedging may not ascertainable ( regulators may monitor end use, but such regulation may not be very practical, nor effective in a free market). Empirical evidence at a macro level, however, indicates the former to be the dominant motive.
The second type of contracting with deferment of obligations of one of the parties to a future date falls between the two extremes. While Sharia scholars have divergent views about its permissibility, our analysis reveals that there is no possibility of earning riba with this kind of contracting. The requirement of spot settlement of obligations of atleast one party imposes a natural curb on speculation, though the room for speculation is greater than under the first form of contracting. The requirement amounts to imposition of a hundred percent margin which, in all probability, would drive away the uninformed speculator from the market. This should force the speculator to be a little more sure of his expectations by being more informed. When speculation is based on information it is not only permissible, but desirable too. Bai salam would also enable the participants to manage risk. At the same time, the requirement of settlement from one end would dampen the tendency of many participants to seek a complete transfer of perceived risk and encourage them to make a realistic assessment of the actual risk. .
Notes & Referências.
1. Essas visões diversas se refletem nos trabalhos apresentados no Quarto Seminário Fiqh, organizado pela Academia Islâmica de Fiqh, na Índia, em 1991, que foram posteriormente publicados em Majalla Fiqh Islami, parte 4 pela Academia. A discussão sobre a proibição da riba baseia-se nesses pontos de vista.
2. Nabil Saleh, Unlawful gain and Legitimate Profit in Islamic Law, Graham and Trotman, London, 1992, p.16.
3. Ibn Qudama, al-Mughni, vol.4, pp.5-9.
4. Shams al Din al Sarakhsi, al-Mabsut, vol 14, pp 24-25.
5. Paper presented by Abdul Azim Islahi at the Fourth Fiqh Seminar organized by Islamic Fiqh Academy, India in 1991.
6. Paper by Dr M N Siddiqui highlighting the issue was circulated among all leading Fiqh scholars by the Islamic Fiqh Academy, India for their views and was the main theme of deliberations during the session on Currency Exchange at the Fourth Fiqh Seminar held in 1991.
7. It is contended by some that the above example may be modified to show the possibility of riba with spot settlement too. “In a given moment in time when the market rate of exchange between dollar and rupee is 1:20, if an individual purchases $50 at the rate of 1:22 (settlement of his obligation also on a spot basis), then it amounts to the seller of dollars exchanging $50 with $55 on a spot basis (Since, he can obtain Rs 1100 now, exchange them for $55 at spot rate of 1:20)” Thus, spot settlement can also be a clear source of riba. Does this imply that spot settlement should be proscribed too ? The fallacy in the above and earlier examples is that there is no single contract but multiple contracts of exchange occurring at different points in time (true even in the above case). Riba can be earned only when the spot rate of 1:20 is fixed during the time interval between the transactions. This assumption is, needless to say, unrealistic and if imposed artificially, perhaps unIslamic.
8. Islam envisages a free market where prices are determined by forces of demand and supply. There should be no interference in the price formation process even by the regulators. While price control and fixation is generally accepted as unIslamic, some scholars, such as, Ibn Taimiya do admit of its permissibility. However, such permissibility is subject to the condition that price fixation is intended to combat cases of market anomalies caused by impairing the conditions of free competition. If market conditions are normal, forces of demand and supply should be allowed a free play in determination of prices.
9. Some Islamic scholars use the term forward to connote a salam sale. However, we use this term in the conventional sense where the obligations of both parties are deferred to a future date and hence, are similar to futures in this sense. The latter however, are standardized contracts and are traded on an organized Futures Exchange while the former are specific to the requirements of the buyer and seller.
10. This is known as bai al inah which is considered forbidden by almost all scholars with the exception of Imam Shafii. Followers of the same school, such as Al Nawawi do not consider it Islamically permissible.
11. It should be noted that modern finance theories also distinguish between conditions of risk and uncertainty and assert that rational decision making is possible only under conditions of risk and not under conditions of uncertainty. Conditions of risk refer to a situation where it is possible with the help of available data to estimate all possible outcomes and their corresponding probabilities, or develop the ex-ante probability distribution. Under conditions of uncertainty, no such exercise is possible. The definition of gharar, Real-life situations, of course, fall somewhere in the continuum of risk and uncertainty.
12. The following traditions underscore the need to avoid contracts involving uncertainty.
Ibn Abbas reported that when Allah’s prophet (pbuh) came to Medina, they were paying one and two years advance for fruits, so he said: “Those who pay in advance for any thing must do so for a specified weight and for a definite time”.
It is reported on the authority of Ibn Umar that the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) forbade the transaction called habal al-habala whereby a man bought a she-camel which was to be the off-spring of a she-camel and which was still in its mother’s womb.
13. According to a tradition reported by Abu Huraira, Allah’s Messenger (pbuh) forbade a transaction determined by throwing stones, and the type which involves some uncertainty.
The form of gambling most popular to Arabs was gambling by casting lots by means of arrows, on the principle of lottery, for division of carcass of slaughtered animals. The carcass was divided into unequal parts and marked arrows were drawn from a bag. One received a large or small share depending on the mark on the arrow drawn. Obviously it was a pure game of chance.
14. The holy prophet is reported to have said ” Do not sell what is not with you”
Ibn Abbas reported that the prophet said: “He who buys foodstuff should not sell it until he has taken possession of it.” Ibn Abbas said: “I think it applies to all other things as well”.
15. The Futures Exchange performs an important function of providing a guarantee for delivery by all parties to the contract. It serves as the counterparty in the exchange for both, that is, as the buyer for the sale and as the seller for the purchase.
16. M Hashim Kamali “Islamic Commercial Law: An Analysis of Futures”, The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences, vol.13, no.2, 1996.
Send Your Comments to: Dr Mohammed Obaidullah, Xavier Institute of Management, Bhubaneswar 751 013, India.
FOREX DALAM PANDANGAN HUKUM ISLAM.
بســـــــم الله الرحمن الرحيـــــــم.
Dalam Bukunya Prof Drs. Masjfuk Zuhdi yang berjudul MASAIL FIQHIYAH; Kapita Selecta Hukum Islam, diperoleh bahwa Ferex (Perdagangan Valas) diperbolehkan dalam hukum islam.
Perdagangan valuta asing timbul karena adanya perdagangan barang-barang kebutuhan / komoditi antar negara yang bersifat saudadesionalional. Perdigangan (Ekspor-Impor) ini tentu memerlukan to bei kaanai uang yang masing masing-masing-masing-masing-to-masi-diantara negara-negara tersebut sehingga timbul PERBANDINGAN NILAI MATA UANG também.
Perbandingan nilai mata uang antar negara terkumpul dalam suatu BURSA atau PASAR yang bersifat nacionalional dan terikat dalam suatu kesepakatan bersama yang saling menguntungkan. Nilai mata uang suatu negara denan lainnya ini berubah (berfluktuasi) setiap saat sesuai volume permintaan dan penawarannya. Por favor, observe que você pode fazer sua reserva em todos os dias. Yang secara nyata hanyalah tukar-menukar mata uang yang berbeda nilai.
HUKUM ISLAM dalam TRANSAKSI VALAS.
1. Ada Ijab-Qobul: & # 8212; & gt; Ada perjanjian untuk memberi dan menerima.
Penjual menyerahkan barang e pembeli membayar tunai. Ijab-Qobulnya dilakukan dengan lisan, tulisan dan utusan. Pembeli dan penjual mempunyai wewenang penuh melaksanakan dan melakukan tindakan-tindakan hukum (dewasa dan berpikiran sehat)
2. Memanuhi syarat menjadi objek transaksi jual-beli yaitu:
Clique aqui para ver a próxima página Dapat dimanfaatkan Dapat diserahterimakan Jelas barang harganya Dijual (dibeli) oleh pemiliknya sendiri atau kuasanya atas izin pemiliknya Barang sudah berada ditangannya jika barangnya diperoleh dengan imbalan.
Perlu ditambahkan pendapat Muhammad Isa, bahwa jual beli saham itu diperbolehkan dalam agama .
لاتشترواالسمك فیالماءفاءنه غرد.
& # 8220; Jangan kamu membeli ikan dalam ar, karena sesungguhnya jual beli yang demikian eua mengandung penipuan & # 8221 ;. (Hadis Ahmad bin Hambal e Al Baihaqi dari Ibnu Mas & # 8217; ud)
Jual beli barang yang tidak di tempat transaksi diperbolehkan dengan syarat harus diterangkan sifat-sifatnya atau ciri-cirinya. Kemudian jika barang sesuai dengan keterangan penjual, maka sahlah jual belinya. Tetapi jika tidak sesuai maka pembeli mempunyai hak khiyar , artinya boleh meneruskan atau membatalkan jual belinya. Você já está em Rio de Janeiro Nabi riwayat Al Daraquthni de Abu Hurairah:
منسترئ شيتالميرهفله الخيارإذاراه.
Barang siapa yang membeli sesuatu yang ia tidak melihatnya, maka ia berhak khiyar jika ia telah melihatnya & # 8221 ;.
Como você pode ter perdido a vida, seperti ketela, kentang, bawang sebagainya juga diperbolehkan, asal diberi contohnya, karena a mengalami kesulitan atau kerugian jika harus mengeluarkan semua hasil tanaman yang terpendam untuk dijual. Hal ini sesuai dengan kaidah hukum Islã:
المشقة تجلب التيسر.
Kesulitan itu menarik kemudahan.
Demita juga jual beli barang-barang yang telah terbungkus / tertutup, seperti makanan kalengan, GPL, dan sebagainya, asalkam diberi rótulo yang menerangkan isinya. Vide Sabiq, op. cit. hal. 135. Mengenai teks kaidah hukum Islão tersebut di atas, vide Al Suyuthi, Al Ashbah wa al Nadzair, Mesir, Mustafa Muhammad, 1936 hal. 55
JUAL BELI VALUTA ASING DAN SAHAM.
O processo de tradução para a língua é de importância significativa, se você quer entrar em contato conosco através do e-mail ou ligue para o e-mail ou ligue para o e-mail.
Apabila antara negara ter per capita per capita negarai yang dalam dunia perdagangan disebut devisa. Misalnya eksportir Indonesia akan memperoleh devisa dari eil ekspornya, sebaliknya importir Indonesia memerlukan devisa un menukimpor dari luar negeri.
Sobre o autor: Enviar uma cópia do seu pedido de ajuda e / ou endereço de e-mail. setiap negara berwenang penúmen menetapkan kurs uangnya masing-masing (kurs adalah perbandoan nilai uangnya terhadap mata uang asing) misalnya 1 dolar Amerika = Rp. 12.000. Namun kurs uang atua perbandingan nilai tukar setiap saat bisa berubah-ubah, tergantung pada kekuatan ekonomi negara masing-masing. Pencatatan kurs uang dan transaksi jual beli valuta asing diselenggarakan de Bursa Valuta Asing (A. W. J. Tupanno, et. Al. Ekonomi de Koperasi, Jakarta, Depdikbud 1982, hal 76-77)
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you are welcome :). Obrigado.
Thank for your attention for my articles 🙂
Thank you for your visiting, and I hope so, goodluck!
Thank you for your spirit. This is just research…
You are welcome lista…:)
Thank you for the attention. I am just writing some idea for my forex research.
Você é bem vindo.
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ecn forex broker, you are welcome 🙂
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ecn forex brokers, I only try to describe how the market to move in my research, combination of fundamental and technical system. Do we all need to continue some research, don’t we? 🙂
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Thank you Darliane. How about Brazil?
Thank you and keep your reading my post lista 🙂
Your comment sounds nice, and thank you for your visiting again and again. )
You are welcome ECN Forex Broker…:) and thank you for your visiting.
Thank you for your comment lista 🙂 I hope so next.
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Free forex signal blogspot

เรียน Technical Course online สามาร click ที่ ภาพเลย.
# & # 3633; นพ ฤ ห & # 3633; สบ ด & # 3637; ท & # 3637; & # 3656; 2 พฤศจิกายน พ. ศ. 2560.
WaveRiders Blog Move.
# & # 3633; น อา ท & # 3636; ต ย & # 3660; ท & # 3637; & # 3656; 8 ตุลาคม พ. ศ. 2560.
How to use Wave Line and TD. Sq. Count to run Unlimited Profit.
Wave Line คือ อะไร มาทำความเข้าใจกัน.
TD setup นับครบ 9 แบบ แท่ง 9 ปิด บนเลย เป็น perfect type ตามทฤษฎี ราคาจะถอย แต่ในที่สุดจะไปต่อ เพราะ มัน Break out.
3. Pattern AB=CD , หรือ Bullish Flag ชัดเจน.
ว & # 3633; นพ & # 3640; ธ ท & # 3637; & # 3656; 4 ตุลาคม พ. ศ. 2560.
CEWA -- Elliott Wave Analyst.
ระยะเวลาสอบ : 60 นาที
ประเภทคำถาม : Multiple-Choice , True/False และ Yes/No questions.
ส่วนที่ 1 เป็น Multiple-Choice , True/False และ Yes/No questions 20 คำถาม.
ส่วนที่ 3 เป็น Label Wave 2 Degree จำนวน 4 กราฟ.
ส่วนที่ 4 เป็น Label Wave 3 Degree จำนวน 4 กราฟ.
ส่วนที่ 5 เป็น Label Wave 3 Degree จำนวน 4 กราฟ.
ว & # 3633; นพ & # 3640; ธ ท & # 3637; & # 3656; 17 พฤษภาคม พ. ศ. 2560.
5 WaveRiders' Trading Types in Price Action.
เมื่อราคา ระเบิดออก Break out signal จะมีความชัดเจน ทั้ง ราคากระชาก Volume เพิ่มขึ้นมากมาย . อาจมีการกระโดด Break away gap หรือ ลากแท่งยาว ให้เห็น.
.. หลังจาก Break out ราคาอาจมี Thowback/Pullback เกิดขึ้นตามมา แล้ว ราคาไปต่อในทิศทางเดิม.
2. Break out Range - เทรดในขณะ ที่ราคาระเบิดทะลุกรอบออกมา.
5. End Trend - เทรดในขณะที่ราคา แสดงอาการจบ Trend.

Manajemen Resiko.
Tornando-se sofisticado sobre risco.
Derivatif / Trading Instrumen Berjangka.
Imagem por mikemac29 via Flickr.
Derivatif atau trading instrument é um fabricante que produz o produto que pode comprar e vender online em Monex. Setelah mengulas berbagai perbedaan antara investasi dan trading, mungkin timbul rasa ingin tahu Anda mengenai produk-produk derivatif atau berjangka tersebut. Kami a abrir o membro a ser assistido andy.
Instrumen yang Parece que você está usando um produto derivado. Berbeda dengan instrumen yang ditawarkan oleh perusahaan sekuritas lainnya, yang memasarkan instrumen berupa aset subjacente.
Pengertian dasar dari derivatif adalah “Um instrumento financeiro cujas características e valor dependem das características e valor de um sub-ofício,” yaitu sebuah instrumen turunan dimana karakteristik dan nilainya berdasarkan nilai e karakteristik instrumen subjacente.
Perbedaan mendasar dari produk subjacente dan derivative atau berjangka terletak pága pasar transaksi masing-masing. Instrumen subjacente pade bursa tertentu, sedangkan instrumen derivatif diperdagangkan secara Over The Counter (OTC) yaitu antara pihak pertama dan kedua.
Veja as nossas fontes de pesquisa de produtos e serviços de pesquisa de interesse em adalah sebagai berikut:
Instrumen derivat atau berjangka memungkinkan Ainda não há comentários sobre este jogo. Pada transaksi instrumen subjacente biasanya akan menemui kendala utama, yakni hanya bisa melakukan aksi beli, sehingga hanya bisa lucro jika harga mengalami kenaikan. Kecenderungan ini bisa dilihat pada instrumen konvensional seperti tanah, saham Indonésia dan aset lainnya.
Você pode adquirir créditos hipotecários em subprime, saham em BUMI terpuruk em alta de 8.000 pessoas, com um desconto de 400. você pode adquirir um bônus de compra em MÍNI, na lista de preços de pucks no nível abaixo.










































investidores



































biaya pajak.
Kemudahan penarikan imbal tem uma lista de oportunidades de encontro de dia e de noite. Investidor da Patente não cotizada para retirar a pada de pagar o salário (berbeda dengan sistem investai lain).
Manajemen risiko derivatif atau tajkka yang profesional memungkinkan investor derivatat untuk meminimalisir tingkat kerugian, namun membro potensi keuntungan tidak terbatas. Likuiditas produk berjangka sangat tinggi. Posisi dapat dibuka / ditutup kapan saja Anda inging dalam pasar perdangangan yang umumnya bergerak 24 jam. Nilai tambah ini membedakan produko derivatif dengan saham, dimana setiap pembukaan e penutupan transaksi harus masuk antrian dulu dalam pasar yang tidak terbuka 24 jam. Kondisi ini memungkinkan lacuna harpa dapat up atau down.
Legalidades e referências disponíveis para Badan Pengawas Perdagangan Berjangka Komoditi (BAPPEBTI).

Binary Today.
with John Kane.
Is Binary Today and John Kane Legit Option to Choose?
There have been a number of different binary programs and solutions made available to the public in recent years. If doing a basic internet search Binary Today is likely to pop up at some point in the search. But just like the numerous products available, there is likely a question about is it possible to know if the views on the site presented by John Kane are legit or not, and are the products offered on the site legit. Before being able to address this though, it is important to know what binary trading is, what the company is and what they offered.
Binary Trading Defined.
Chances are, if someone is considering using this system and comparing it with others, they already know what binary trading is. However, there is still some confusion by some about what it actually is, even after they make a decision to use it to make investment decisions. This form of trading is not the same as the traditional method of trading. It is a great way to trade within an international market with a number of different price fluctuations. There are a number of different systems that are put in place by investors, many experts and many beginning in their journey. Each system has a number of different reasons for the decisions that are made, and weigh a number of different things like the amount of risk associated with the investments.
What is Binary Today?
The answer to this question is actually a two part answer. The first part, is that it is a website that seeks to feature a number of different binary products, offers product reviews, and offers insight into what options are the best for successful binary trading. As part of this, there is also a great deal of educational information available on a number of different binary types. Both the top rated and lowest rated products are provided, as well as an explanation for the specific ratings. While the current top rating list does include a personal product, it also includes competitors products which brings the second part to the answer. It is also a company which specializes in providing products, including the Binary Today Trader . Access to the founder’s personal strategy for trading is included in this product, including the “signal system” used by the creator himself.
But is the System and Company Reliable?
One of the concerns many have with purchasing a trading tool of any kind is whether or not it is reliable. This means not only being effective, but also transparent in the information that it provides. There are a number of different ways that they have sought to try to be as transparent as possible. One of them has been John Kane ’s decision to provide monthly trading figures and income reports. This shows how the same system is being used by the creator and the results he is getting, which can be compared with the system and the products the company offers. These reports also make it possible for traders to look at the prices of trades that were completed and when, making it possible to verify the trades are in fact real. This is a trait that is often lacking within the industry, but not so with Binary Today .
What Do you Need to Know about the System?
There are a number of things that a person needs to know about binary trading, but there are some specific things about this system that sets it apart from other systems and products on the market today. Algumas delas incluem:
The system is a signal system, providing the user with an alert about the best actions to take and when so they do not go missed, regardless of the time of day More than two thirds of the signals sent by the system have been able to be verified, for more than five years time Options for different times of expiration, so the user has time to respond to signals and make informed and timely trades Notifications are able to be received by mobile devices or email alerts, offering flexibility The system is able to be used with all binary trade brokers.
How do I Know it is Not a Marketing Ploy?
Despite the amount of transparency, there is still some concern some have about whether or not the company is just using this as a marketing ploy to draw more traffic to the site and to use the company’s system. This simply is not the case. In every way possible, John Kane points out the truth about binary trading systems, even when it means his system does not come out on top. Not to mention, he is extremely up front and explains the exact methods he uses for making suggested trades, and does not try to hide anything from people. All trades can be verified, including those that were suggested but chosen not to be acted upon. In addition, the system can easily be tested and verified, showing that it is not only relevant but also reliable. This is not a get rich quick scheme, but rather a system that requires time to implement effectively, which he is up front about.
Conclusão.
The company and its founder are both legit when it comes to binary trading. Not only is there a level of transparency not seen in a number of different companies, there is also a willingness to admit when other systems and products are on the top of the list, even when they are not number one. This is refreshing in the investment industry and usually not seen. In the same spirit of remaining transparent, years of data is made available about the trades made, which can be verified helping to further support the legitimacy of the company and the desire of Kane to see others learn from his trading journey. This not only allows outsiders to verify the outcomes of the system, but also allows the user know how well the system is actually working for them over a period of time, making it a company and system that can be highly trusted.
Binary Today Market Conditions.
The utilization of binary today trading signals has been regarded as one of the top methods of growing profits. Signals are commonly produced through the use of a mixture of sophisticated software which is capable of running historical price details and professional human viewpoint. There is no questioning that the mixture of these two components can be highly effective and can quickly show traders which positions to take in contracts. Successful signal suppliers display responsibility and are excited to provide information in regard to their accuracy percentage on an continuous basis.
The understanding that you have chosen a very effective signal supplier should not cause you to completely neglect analysis. What may take place is a clash involving the signal forecast that is released and real marketplace conditions at the existing time. Signals and trade alerts are time sensitive and therefore are commonly not delivered very long before the recommended trade must be carried out. Even so, it doesn’t take a lot of time for a PR release or other news report to be published in connection to the specific underlying asset, effectively making the forecast ineffective.
Even the most sophisticated signal generation software wont have the capability of accounting for upcoming marketplace conditions if any event changes market emotion. The basic emotion that individual investors have in regard to a specific asset will absolutely command the price activity on said underlying asset. Although professional judgment is frequently used to generate signals, there is no way to always know exactly what the future holds. The only exclusion would be if a prepared data release is planned, in which case an alert would most likely not be supplied for the associated asset anyhow.
Thankfully, traders are in total command over the steps they take with regards to signals. The most effective advice is that if you have no time for accomplishing at least some analysis, the signal ought to be dismissed. Signals do an outstanding job of examining the asset price data, but are unable to account for current events. If little else, a fast look at the most current marketplace news really should be completed prior to carrying out any trade using the signal. This action should take no longer than a few moments and can deliver a level of security against producing an extremely risky investment decision.
Clashes are not incredibly widespread, as signal suppliers focus highly on providing forecasts which they think have exceptional odds of being accurate. Having said that, traders are advised not to overlook events which come about in between the time the signal is delivered and the timing of specific trade contract purchase. Even the tiniest occurrence could transform what could have in any other case been a accurate forecast, wrong. This needs to be taken into account in order to steer clear of taking on avoidable binary today trade failures.
Beginning Binary Options with Binary Today.
Stock investment, binary today , and foreign exchange Forex) trading thеѕе аrе ѕоmе оf thе popular ways оf generating additional income аѕіdе frоm choosing thе traditional ways (building а small business оr applying fоr а part-time work). Whісh dо уоu prefer? Oh, ѕо youre аlrеаdу familiar wіth stock investment аnd binary today . Yоu don’t mind trуіng thеm but уоu wоuld bе glad tо learn аbоut оthеr potential sources оf investment income. And so, уоur wіѕh іѕ mу command! Yоu landed hеrе bесаuѕе уоu wаnt tо knоw ѕоmе facts аbоut forex trading, didnt you? Thіѕ article wont mаkе уоu аn expert оn thе subject, but іt саn сеrtаіnlу answer thе simplest questions thаt уоu hаvе аt thіѕ moment. Nо nееd tо beat уоur brains out!
Thе Basics оf Foreign Exchange.
Currencies аnd foreign exchange аrе important tо vаrіоuѕ people іn dіffеrеnt parts оf thе world. Thеу аrе needed tо kеер foreign businesses running. Fоr example, уоu аrе аn American tourist traveling іn Europe. Of course, уоu can’t pay in dollars to go to the popular tourist destinations there. You will nееd to exchange уоur dollars fоr thе local currency.
Sо уоu see, thеrе іѕ а continuous nееd tо exchange currencies. Due tо thіѕ fact, Forex market hаѕ bесоmе thе biggest financial market іn thе world.
Dоіng thіѕ type оf investment means youre trading currencies аgаіnѕt еасh other. Yоu mау opt tо buy оnе whіlе selling another. Whеn уоu trade FOREX, уоu basically attempt tо mаkе а profit bу guessing thаt thе vаluе оf оnе currency wіll gо uр оr gо dоwn compared tо another; fоr instance, а lot оf EUR/USD. Yоu choose whеn уоu wаnt tо close thе trade. Yоu саn dо іt anytime thе market іѕ open.
So, уоu саn gain profits. Whаt else? Whаt mаkеѕ thіѕ type оf trading а lot mоrе beneficial tо you?
Thіѕ іѕ mоѕtlу beneficial fоr beginners lіkе уоu еѕресіаllу іf уоu аrе а bit doubtful аbоut yourself. Trуіng а free demo account prepares уоu fоr thе time thаt уоu wіll nееd tо rеаllу invest уоur money іn thе hopes оf earning real profits. It lіkеwіѕе helps уоu figure оut іf forex trading іѕ fоr you.
So, уоu dont plan tо dо іt full-time. Thats јuѕt fine. Yоu саn trade аt аnу time оf thе day bесаuѕе thе market nеvеr sleeps.
Wаnt tо participate wіth а small lot size, let’s say, $25? Nо problem! Yоu determine уоur оwn position size.
Thеrе уоu hаvе it; thе set оf basic pieces оf information аbоut forex trading. Dо уоu wаnt tо trу it? Or dо уоu wаnt tо learn mоrе detailed facts? Yоu bеttеr choose thе lаttеr fоr now. Thеrе аrе numerous thіngѕ уоu nееd tо know, аnd уоu ѕhоuld mаkе thе mоѕt оut оf уоur resources. Thе good thіng is, thеrе аrе lots оf them! Indeed, уоu nееd tо bе vеrу careful іn trуіng tо mаkе аn investment. But іt аlѕо pays tо bе bold еnоugh tо tаkе risks. Juѕt mаkе ѕurе уоu аrе equipped wіth еnоugh knowledge аbоut whаt youre doing.
For more info about binary today please check our social profiles.
Binary Today Trading Strategies.
Whether you are trading in binary today or any other form of investment, there are two basic guidelines that can aid you in achieving profits: Have a set of techniques that can help you to adapt to any situation and be ready to practice sound management strategies.
When dealing with binary today in particular, it is vital to be comfortable with several different strategies that can enable you to adapt to any situation that may arise in the marketplace, allowing you to stay flexible and profitable, no matter what the circumstances may be.
In general, there are two basic types of strategies. The first is based on gambling standards and creating investments that are well spread across several possibilities, without any need for research. The second uses research and analysis to identify past and current trends, taking advantage of market clues to provide educated guesses as to how the future value of an asset will look. In most cases, having a more systematic approach is preferable, as it not only improves the skill of the trader in question, but is more likely to generate profits over the long term.
The Importance of Binary Options Trading Strategies.
There are several reasons why it is so vital to employ a systematic approach to your binary options trading. Esses incluem:
Singular Focus: The traders who are the most aware of the various strategies are able to maintain a more level head in the face of a volatile marketplace. While it can be difficult to keep up with all of the events and factors that can change the price of an asset, having a set of strategies allows an investor to determine what steps to take next based on principles, rather than situations. Better Metrics: Trading based on situational factors makes it nearly impossible to evaluate your own performance as a trader, since you are dependent upon the environment in which the trade is performed to be able to make your investment. However, when you employ a strategic system, you can start to evaluate how well it is working, which can also help you to adapt your methods over time, measuring how well any change performs within the system as a whole. More Emotional Control: It is easy to believe that your emotions don’t play into your investment decisions, but they do, especially when you are called upon to make a snap decision in the heat of a moment. Having a set of maneuvers that you follow, regardless of your emotions, can help you to make more balanced choices. Narrowed Aims: Instead of jumping at every opportunity to make a trade, investors who use a strategic system can evaluate whether or not a given trade fits within pre-existing criteria. If so, they make the trade, and if not, the opportunity is passed up. This can help traders to avoid falling into fads and trends in the marketplace, employing a more long-term, timeless approach to their investments.
Every individual trader has an idea about the way that binary today trading strategies should work. Even within groups who use the same strategies, the tools used to analyze and make decisions may differ. There are some things, however, that you can look for as you start to develop a strategy of your own:
Simple is Best: In general, the more simple and concise your guidelines are, the better that you’ll be able to follow and employ them. Test before Use: One of the most effective ways to try out a set of strategies is to test them on a demonstrational account. This can give an investor the chance to use virtual funds to see if their strategies pan out in the ways that they expect, rather than gambling funds on a strategy that has not yet been tested. Adapt as Needed: No single trading strategy will be perfect forever. As regulations and markets change, any strategy can become more or less effective than it once was. When you have a strategy, be willing to change it as needed. Be Prepared for Some Failure: No trade strategy will work 100% of the time. Even if you are able to be successful 60% of the time with your trades, that means that you’ll lose 40% of your investments. By measuring your success, expecting some loss, and adapting your system over time, you can optimize your binary today trading strategies.
As you design your own binary today trading strategies, think through not only what techniques you can use, but also what assets you want to optimize your strategy for. Every asset operates differently, so you’ll need to think through which tricks will fit best with which assets.
Whether you are an advanced binary today trader or simply starting to explore the possibilities, the creation of binary options trading strategies can help you in your quest to make profitable investments.
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Binary Today and Binary Options Brokers.
Brokers do not charge trading commissions. This may intrigue you then how these binary today brokers make money. A key method to make money by brokers is through percentages on payouts.
Profit with Almost No Risks.
Brokers in the binary markets options can make profits with almost no risks involved. They are able to do this when traders actively trade on the platforms and also through setting a fixed percentage on the payouts. Usually when many clients are trading, at least half of them have the conviction that an asset will fluctuate while the other half will hold that the asset will gain i. e. 50%/50%. When there’s a trade trend that is strong, the trade may gravitate towards either direction. Normally, call and put buyers will have their numbers varied at about 60% and 40%, with the opposite being true. Thus, an almost equal number of puts and calls averaging at 50/50 will be seen in the long term. “Trader’s Choice” on Cedar Finance is a good sentiment indicator to illustrate this.
A slice of the proceeds therefore will be earned by the broker, as a result of active markets and traders who trade on either side. To illustrate this further, consider a broker with 50 clients. Generally, they will place 25 puts and calls apiece. Traders who have won upon expiry of the option will keep their investments and on top of that, receive a 60% payout. 25 of these traders will definitely lose. If each of the 25 clients invested $100; 25x$100=$2500, this is what the broker earns from the losing traders. The broker will however have to pay the winning traders, thus 25x$60=$1500. So from the losing clients, the broker gets $2500 and pays $1500, earning a profit of $1000.
I have tried to illustrate in a simple way how the brokers earn from trading. However, traders in actual trading might not necessarily place similar amounts of money, and the calls and puts might also not be evenly placed at 50/50. Brokers therefore want more assets traded by more and avid traders. If the binary today brokers have more traders trading in assets that belong to different classes, they will earn more. There are numerous assets provided by the brokers and are all traded actively by clients. The broker is cushioned even when they have to pay more money to winners than losers especially when the winners are more. The other options that they provide on the assets within the platforms ensure that at the end of it all, they make more money than they have to pay out. The brokers possess a slight edge on the payouts. The difference in the percentage payout between the investments of clients who lose, roughly almost 100% and those who win, roughly at almost 80% is what the brokers receive, over a long period of time.
Is It Possible To Trade Against Clients?
It may be thought by some that brokers trade against the clients. This may be due to the fact that the trades are not placed on the exchange of the asset but rather with the binary today broker. There is no truth in this. The broker stands to earn more by performing the role of an intermediary between traders with different thoughts on the trades. The broker creates a common favorable ground for trade. With a larger number of traders, the broker makes more money, as opposed to taking any side that the clients fall in. Risking the brokerage by taking sides is also disastrous, especially when clients experience massive losses and the broker gets super normal profits. This will be a clear pointer to underhand machinations by the broker. Most brokers understand that the existing payout structure offers good returns as opposed to any manipulation. In any case, the brokers are always trading on both sides of their clients’ trade options, the put and call options. Even if they were to engage in such malpractices, they could not trade against both the call and put buyers at a go.
Binary today brokers can earn money through various other ways like:
Miscellaneous fees: Each broker will have their own miscellaneous fees on such issues as maintaining the account or charges on withdrawing. Deposit Interest: The money that the broker receives as your investment may earn interest from a financial institution that the broker uses.
Brokers in the binary today market usually earn by having a slice of the difference on the percentage loss and wins from the trading clients. Other fees from the services rendered by individual brokers such as withdrawal fees, add to the earnings by brokers. It would be construed as market malpractice if possibly, the brokers take sides to trade against the clients. The role of binary markets options brokers is to provide the middle ground where traders can place stakes on different trades. The brokers will at the end, receive profits bearing almost no risks at all.
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Identifying the best binary options broker with binary today.
Binary Today and Binary option trading has served as an important avenue of passive income for many households across the globe. In fact, you will also come across many families that depend solely on this trading form for their livelihood, although it is equal to living on the edge.
In this article, we will catch a glimpse of the binary option on stocks, Forex, indices, and metals. So, read on for more information.
If you are interested in trading Forex binary options, the NADEX or North American Derivatives Exchange offers Forex binary options for USD/JPY, USD/CHF, EUR/USD, USD/CAD, and GBP/USD. You can choose from among weekly expiration time and date, daily, and intraday trading options. As far as trading binary Forex options are concerned, traders can make use of the same to secure a position. Another advantage of opting for Forex binary today trading is that it allows traders to try their luck in trading by investing an amount as per their preference and willingness to take on risk. It is equally beneficial for the newcomers as well as the veterans trying their luck over the years.
With binary option stock trading, you will be able to earn profits at any point of time and from any place either from the comfort of your home or while you are on the move. All you need to have is internet connectivity. Stock binary option trading will generate returns regardless of the point at which the price of the stocks close. All you have to do is predict or judge the pathway and the trend of the trade accurately. With the help of experienced and reliable stock brokers, you will be able to derive maximum benefit from any trade and also get the best returns from your investment.
If you have chosen metals as the underlying asset in binary option trading, you can expect to get handsome returns provided your moves are accurate and calculated. There are different metals that you can select as your underlying asset like gold, silver, copper. As compared to trading the commodities directly, it is advantageous to trade binary option on metals. This is because when you trade the commodities directly, you will have to ascertain the price movement and the magnitude as a whole. On the other hand, when you trade binary today on metals, you will have to predict just the direction of the movement of the commodities without having to bother about the size of the price movement of the same.
Indices are one of the asset classes that are traded on the binary option financial markets. The following indices are usually traded in the binary today trading market.
Whatever you decide to trade, make sure that you understand the pros and cons of each asset first. This way you win more than you lose.
As I’m sure you already know, that’s our goal here.
Binary Today and Binary Options Signals.
What are binary options signals?
The idea behind signals is that less experienced traders, instead of trading by themselves and learning the hard way, can follow more experienced traders and copy their trades. Many experienced traders offer these services, usually for a fee as a way to earn extra money. Some software developers like Binary Today have even gone as far as to create automatic algorithms that send automatic signals to traders when they recognize a trend.
Could I use Forex signals to trade binaries?
The short answer to this is, NO. Forex signals are good for Forex trading. There are a number of reasons for this. For starters, Forex trades essentially don’t have a time limit, so you can exit the trades at your discretion. Binaries have fixed expiry times which are set in stone. Each time-frame would require a completely different strategy. Obviously, a 5 minute binary options signal would not work for an EOD (end of day) binary option. It is that very reason which makes Forex signals essentially irrelevant for binary option trading unless you can adapt it to a certain time-frame. Forex trades also require the asset to move a certain amount in order for it to be profitable. Binaries don’t need large movement, even 0.1% would be enough to get the full payout.
When there are options ranked and rated by sites like Binary Today , I see no reason why anyone would need to use Forex signals.
So, again, if you want to trade binary options, use binary options signals, not Forex.
Should I Use Signals Provided By My Broker?
Definitivamente não. A binary options broker giving you signals is a very severe conflict of interests. Almost all binary options brokers make money when the trader loses. Therefore, it would not make sense for them to help you make money by giving you good signals, simply because that would cause them to lose money. If you still want to do this, think long and hard and do a lot of research on the broker, especially if you can find any unbiased information on their signals system.
Also, if a trader is good enough, he won’t have to work for a broker. I borrowed this line from John Kane at Binary Today . He always says that.
For this very reason, also be very wary when your broker account manager offers you trading advice. There is absolutely no reason for them to give you good trading advice or signals. If you use their signals or advice and manage to be profitable, I guarantee you that it was pure chance.
How do I know if a signal provider is good?
Like all things in the world, all good things come at a price. So, if someone is offering you free signals, think long and hard as to what their ulterior motive for doing this is. They are definitely getting their money from somewhere, and if not from you, from where? If they’re getting paid by your broker and you’ve read the rest of this article, then I take it you already know what I’m going to say. No broker will pay a signals provider to send traders that will make the broker lose money.
So, I hope I’ve managed to clarify some things about signals providers. If anyone has any comments or questions, feel free to ask them in the comment boxes below.